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General mechanism and subtypes of arterial calcification. (Panel A) Describes the general mechanisms of arterial calcification. (Panel B) An overview of the risk factors, specific mechanisms and clinical consequences of arterial intima/media calcification, aortic valve calcification and calciphylaxis. VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell, VIC: valve interstitial cell, Vascular cell: covers VSMCs, VICs and endothelial cells.
