Table 2.
Descriptive data for child spontaneous and reported (MB-CDI Words and Sentences Short Form) speech measures. The table also summarizes the F, p and eta-squared values (η2) for the ANOVAs and ANCOVAs comparing the child measures of the low-risk preterm and full-term late talkers.
| ANOVA | ANCOVA | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Late Talkers (n = 61) | Low-Risk Preterm Late Talkers (n = 26) |
Full-Term Late Talkers (n = 35) |
Birth Status | Birth Status Controlled for Chronological Age | |||||||||||
| M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | F (1,59) | p | η2 | F (2,58) | p | η2 | |
| Child Spontaneous Speech | |||||||||||||||
| Word Types | 8.24 | 7.38 | 0.00−30.51 | 11.12 | 7.80 | 0.81–30.51 | 6.10 | 6.34 | 0.00–28.34 | 7.80 | 0.007 | 0.028 | 2.21 | 0.143 | 0.008 |
| Word Tokens | 14.00 | 15.42 | 0.00–51.21 | 19.63 | 17.30 | 0.00−51.21 | 9.82 | 12.54 | 0.00−50.40 | 4.95 | 0.030 | 0.019 | 1.34 | 0.251 | 0.005 |
| Nouns | 5.97 | 6.38 | 0.00−20.85 | 7.89 | 6.91 | 0.00−20.85 | 4.55 | 5.64 | 0.00−20.52 | 3.39 | 0.071 | 0.013 | 0.69 | 0.411 | 0.003 |
| Verbs | 1.49 | 3.16 | 0.00−19.39 | 2.20 | 2.86 | 0.00−9.25 | 0.96 | 3.31 | 0.00−19.39 | 6.17 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 1.88 | 0.176 | 0.006 |
| Adjectives | 1.51 | 2.65 | 0.00−15.97 | 2.60 | 3.44 | 0.00−15.97 | 0.69 | 1.45 | 0.00−6.84 | 10.78 | 0.002 | 0.032 | 3.75 | 0.058 | 0.011 |
| Function Words | 5.03 | 7.45 | 0.00−31.99 | 6.94 | 8.66 | 0.00−31.99 | 3.61 | 6.15 | 0.00−25.20 | 2.58 | 0.113 | 0.010 | 0.92 | 0.341 | 0.003 |
| Yes/No Tokens | 8.68 | 11.76 | 0.00−69.35 | 10.24 | 14.30 | 0.00−69.35 | 7.52 | 9.52 | 0.00−33.87 | 1.32 | 0.255 | 0.005 | 0.11 | 0.738 | 0.000 |
| Onomatopoeic Tokens | 1.47 | 3.23 | 0.00−21.77 | 1.38 | 2.08 | 0.00−8.96 | 1.54 | 3.90 | 0.00−21.77 | 0.63 | 0.432 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.945 | 0.000 |
| Unintelligible Tokens | 35.79 | 24.75 | 0.79−125.99 | 37.44 | 22.14 | 1.96−88.85 | 34.56 | 26.77 | 0.79−125.99 | 0.33 | 0.569 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 0.626 | 0.001 |
| Utterances | 19.88 | 18.41 | 0.00−76.08 | 26.09 | 20.26 | 0.81−76.08 | 15.27 | 15.66 | 0.00−53.64 | 2.75 | 0.103 | 0.009 | 1.22 | 0.274 | 0.004 |
| MLU a | 1.09 | 0.12 | 1.00−1.42 | 1.11 | 0.13 | 1.00−1.38 | 1.08 | 0.12 | 1.00−1.42 | 1.19 | 0.279 | 0.005 | 0.12 | 0.729 | 0.000 |
| MB−CDI Measures | |||||||||||||||
| Word Production | 18.49 | 12.67 | 2.00−40.00 | 21.38 | 12.57 | 2.00−40.00 | 16.34 | 12.49 | 2.00−40−00 | 2.24 | 0.140 | 0.009 | 2.35 | 0.131 | 0.009 |
| Incomplete Sentences | 2.69 | 3.82 | 0.00−12.00 | 3.85 | 4.33 | 0.00−12.00 | 1.83 | 3.19 | 0.00−12.00 | 4.46 | 0.039 | 0.016 | 2.96 | 0.091 | 0.010 |
| Complete Sentences | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.00−3.00 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 0.00−2.00 | 0.17 | 0.43 | 0.00−3.00 | 0.02 | 0.880 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.887 | 0.000 |
| Total Sentences | 2.84 | 4.00 | 0.00−12.00 | 3.96 | 4.45 | 0.00−12.00 | 2.00 | 3.46 | 0.00−12.00 | 3.75 | 0.058 | .040 | 2.13 | 0.150 | 0.004 |
a MLU score was calculated on n = 57, as four full-term children did not produce any word during the shared book reading session; in bold the significant results corrected for Bonferroni (p < 0.003).