Figure 3.

A schematic model of protective effects of a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα), pemafibrate, on injured retinas. Two therapeutic pathways are suggested. One is that pemafibrate upregulates fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 expression in the liver or blood and affects the retina or modulates abnormal metabolisms such as the reduction of increased serum triglyceride and blood glucose levels. The other way is pamafibrate directly affects retinal endothelial cells with vascular leakage, leukostasis, and inflammation. HIF; hypoxia-inducible factor, TG; triglyceride, BG; blood glucose. Inhibition of an event: red lines; Stimulation of an event: white lines with blue line borders.