Table 3.

Nanosheet Membranes to mitigate spreadable fouling.

Nanosheet	Type	Materials	Foulant	WCA	Highlights	Ref.
Normal Testing
GO	Stacked	PDA(C), halloysite-NT, PEN(S)	n-hexane-in-water emulsion	0${}^{°}$	OCA = 136 ± 2${}^{°}$, stable at high temperatures, electrospun support	[226]
GO	MMM	PVA, PES(S)	surfactant/sunflower oil and olive oil mixture	30.5 ± 3.3${}^{°}$	OCA = 141.6 ± 3.5${}^{°}$	[130]
rGO	Stacked	PDA(C), MCE(S)	1,2-dichlorethane, toluene, n-hexane, diesel	near 0 ${}^{°}$	OCA = 156.1±1.2${}^{°}$	[227]
rGO	Stacked	PDA(C), SiO2-NP, PVDF(S)	diesel oil/water emulsion	0${}^{°}$	OCA = 130${}^{°}$, FRR = 87.2%	[225]
CuO	MMM	PVDF-HFP(S)	olive oil, cooking oil, lubricant oil	0${}^{°}$	OCA = 152.4${}^{°}$, electronspun polymer with nanosheet shell	[228]
Ti3C2Tx	Stacked	white print paper(S)	sunflower oil, diesel oil, silicon oil, petroleum ether, hexane	0${}^{°}$	OCA = 137${}^{°}$	[229]
Photo-Assisted Testing
GO(CC)	Stacked	PDA(C), TiO2-NW(P), CA(S)	MB and diesel oil/gasoline/ dichloro–methane–water emulsion	$48.1$ ${}^{°}$	visible light, OCA = 132${}^{°}$	[230]
rGO(CC), Bi12O17Cl2(P)	Stacked	PDA(C), TiO2-NW(CC), CA(S)	MB and diesel oil/water emulsion	$55.74$ ${}^{°}$	visible light	[219]
GO(CC), gCN(H)(CC)	Stacked	TiO2-NP(P)	soy-bean oil	43${}^{°}$	visible light, OCA = 170${}^{°}$, FRR = 95%	[155]
GO(C), MCU-CN(H)(P)	Stacked	GA(C), PVDF(S)	SDS-diesel oil /petroleum-ether/ dichloromethane/hexane in water	$48.87$ ${}^{°}$	visible light	[224]

(C) cross-linker; (CC) co-catalyst; (P) photocatalyst; (S) substrate; (TF) thin film; FRR flux recovery ratio.