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Diagram of the ATP-mediated NETosis induction in cerebral ischemia. ATP is released from neurons and glia during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. ATP induces NETosis in the ischemic brain wherein P2X7R, Ca2+, PKC, and ROS plays important roles and PAD4 initiates chromatin decondensation. Extruded NET components induce brain damage and ATP included in expelled NETs accelerates this process. NOX, NADPH oxidase; PAD4, protein deiminase 4; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
