Table 1.
Partial list of PRP based growth factors and platelet cytokines with their cell sources.
| PGF and Cytokines | Cell Sources | Function and Effects |
|---|---|---|
| PDGF (AA-BB-AB) |
Platelets, endothelial cells, macrophages, smooth muscle cells |
Mitogenic for mesenchymal cells and osteoblasts; stimulates chemotaxis and mitogenesis in fibroblast/ glial/smooth muscle cells; regulates collagenase secretion and collagen synthesis; stimulates macrophage and neutrophil chemotaxis |
| TGF (α–β) | Macrophages, T lymphocytes, keratinocytes | Stimulates undifferentiated mesenchymal cell proliferation; regulates endothelial, fibroblastic, and osteoblastic mitogenesis; regulates collagen synthesis and collagenase secretion; regulates mitogenic effects of other growth factors; stimulates endothelial chemotaxis and angiogenesis; inhibits macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation |
| VEGF | Platelets, macrophages, keratinocytes, endothelial cells | Increases angiogenesis and vessel permeability; stimulates mitogenesis for endothelial cells |
| EGF | Platelets, macrophages, monocytes | Proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, stimulates mitogenesis for endothelial cells |
| (a-b)-FGF | Platelets, macrophages, mesenchymal cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts |
Promotes growth and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts; mitogenic for mesenchymal cells, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts |
| CTGF | Platelets, fibroblasts | Promotes angiogenesis, cartilage regeneration, fibrosis, and platelet adhesion |
| IGF-1 | Platelets, plasma, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, bone matrix | Chemotactic for fibroblasts and stimulates protein synthesis. Enhances bone formation by proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts |
| HGF | Platelets, mesenchymal cells | Regulates cell growth and motility in epithelial/endothelial cells, supporting epithelial repair and neovascularization during wound healing |
| KGF | Fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells | Regulates epithelial migration and proliferation |
| Ang-1 | Platelets, neutrophils | Induces angiogenesis stimulating migration and proliferation of endothelial cells. Supports and stabilizes blood vessel development via the recruitment of pericyte |
| PF4 | Platelets | Calls leucocytes and regulates their activation. Microbiocidal activities |
| SDF-1α | Platelets, endothelial cells, fibroblasts | Calls CD34+ cells, induces their homing, proliferation and differentiation into endothelial progenitor cells stimulating angiogenesis. Calls mesenchymal stem cells and leucocytes |
| TNF | Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes |
Regulates monocyte migration, fibroblast proliferation, macrophage activation, angiogenesis |
Modified from Everts et al. [6] and Giusti et al. [13]. Abbreviations: PDGF: platelet-derived growth factors; TGF: transforming growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; CTCG: connective tissue growth factor; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; KGF: keratinocyte growth factor; Ang-1: angiopoietin-1; PF4: platelet factor 4; SDF: stromal cell derived factor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.