Table 1.
Percent of isolates resistant by antibiotic class in the included studies on CA-ARE in Central America.
| References | Measure (No. of Isolates) |
Aminoglycosides | Penicillin ꞵ-lactams | Cephalosporins | Carbapenems | Chloramphenicols | Polymyxins | Nitrofurans | Sulfonamides | Tetracyclines | Quinolones |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belize | |||||||||||
| Shears et al. 1988 [32] | % resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from diarrhea (ND) | 0 | 0 | ND | ND | 0 | ND | ND | 11 | 22 | ND |
| Guatemala | |||||||||||
| Mata et al. 1970 [28] | % resistance in Shigella dysenteriae strains from diarrhea (n = 53) | 98 | 23 | 0 | ND | 42 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 98 | ND |
| Jarquín et al. 2015 [42] | % resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates from chicken carcasses (n = 103) | 36 | 11 | 2 | ND | 4 | ND | ND | 38 | 41 | 52 |
| Villegas et al. 2016 [36] | % prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from blood samples (n = 20) | ND | ND | ND | 20 c | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Nicaragua | |||||||||||
| Mayatepek et al. 1993 [29] | % resistance in E. coli isolates from diarrhea (ND) | 94 | 16 | ND | ND | 56 | 98 | ND | 18 | 4 | ND |
| Matute et al. 2004 [34] | % resistance in E. coli isolates from urine samples (UTI) (n = 35) | 11 | 74 | 58 | 0 | ND | ND | 0 | 63 | ND | 30 |
| Bours et al. 2010 [33] | % resistance in E. coli from urine samples (UTI) (n = 44) | 25 | 61 | 46 | ND | ND | ND | 7 | 39 | ND | 32 |
| Amaya et al. 2011 [27] | % resistance in E. coli isolates from stool samples (n = 727) | 3 b | 60 | ND | 0 | 11 | ND | ND | 64 | ND | 3 b |
| Amaya et al. 2012 [44] | % resistance in E. coli isolates from a hospital sewage sample (n = 32) | 69 | 100 | 100 | ND | 97 | ND | ND | 100 | ND | 9 |
| Hasan et al. 2016 [45] | % prevalence of ESBL-producing organisms from human stool (n = 28) | ND | ND | 27 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Costa Rica | |||||||||||
| Williams et al. 2003 [35] | % resistance in E. coli isolates from outpatient urine samples (n = 171) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8 | 40 | ND | 11 |
| Rodríguez et al. 2006 [43] | % resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from lettuce (ND) | 100 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 100 | ND |
| Pérez et al. 2010 [30] | % resistance in pathenogenic E. coli strains from diarrhea (n = 52) | ND a | 40 | 11 | ND | ND | ND | 0 | 13 | 11 | 0 |
| Jiménez et al. 2015 [39] | % resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates from gecko gut content (ND) | 50 | 0 | 0 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Molina et al. 2016 [41] | % resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates from animal feed (n = 110) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 | ND |
| Baldi et al. 2019 [40] | % resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates from raccoon fecal samples (n = 42) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7 |
| Pérez-Corrales et al. 2019 [31] | % resistance in enteroaggregative E. coli isolates from diarrhea (n = 189) | ND | 54 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 34 | ND | 0 |
Resistance rates are only shown for the most prevalent species as indicated in the Measure column, though some studies tested multiple species for resistance. If multiple percentages were reported (i.e., resistance to two antibiotics within the same class was studied), the highest was used in this table. Green represents resistance percentages or prevalence <15%, yellow 15 to <50%, and red 50% or greater, while ND indicates that a study did not investigate resistance to this class of antimicrobials. Values were rounded to the nearest whole number. This table excludes three of the articles that did not report percentages or prevalence: Liebana et al. 2004 [37] and Pasteran et al. 2012 [38] (case reports), and Pehrsson et al. 2016 [46] (resistomes). a This article did study aminoglycosides, but the proportion was not clearly reported; b these values were reported as less than or equal to 2.6%; c this value may include hospital-acquired infections because data specific to Central America (Guatemala) did not separate blood stream infections caused by community-acquired infections, like urinary tract infections, from those that were hospital-acquired.