Table 1.
Viral-vector vaccine candidates and their current state of development according to the WHO.
| Developer Institution | Country/s | Type of Viral-Vector | Current State |
|---|---|---|---|
| University of Oxford/ AstraZeneca | United Kingdom | ChAdOx1-S | Clinical trial Phase 3 |
| Beijing Institute of Biotechnology/ CanSino Biological Inc. | China | Ad5 | Clinical trial Phase 2 |
| Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies | Belgium | Ad26 | Clinical trial Phase ½ |
| Gamaleya Research Institute | Russia | Adenovirus | Clinical trial Phase 1 |
| ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Uncercells | Italy/Germany/Belgium | Adenovirus | Clinical trial Phase 1 |
| Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburgh CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme | France/United States | Measles | Clinical trial Phase 1 |
| Medicago Inc. | Canada | Plant-derivated VLP | Clinical trial Phase 1 |
| ID Pharma | Japan | Sendai virus | Pre-clinical |
| Ankara University | Turkey | Adenovirus | Pre-clinical |
| Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Eye and Ear/AveXis | United States | Adenovirus | Pre-clinical |
| GeoVax/BravoVax | United States/China | MVA | Pre-clinical |
| German center for infection Research/IDT Biologike GmbH | Germany | MVA | Pre-clinical |
| IDIBAPS-Hospital clinic | Spain | MVA | Pre-clinical |
| Altimmune | United States | Adenovirus | Pre-clinical |
| Erciyes University | Turkey | Ad5 | Pre-clinical |
| ImmunityBio Inc/NantKwest Inc. | United States | Ad5 | Pre-clinical |
| Greffex | United States | Ad5 | Pre-clinical |
| Stabilitech Biopharma Ltd. | United Kingdom | Ad5 | Pre-clinical |
| Valo Therapeutics Ltd. | United Kingdom | Adenovirus | Pre-clinical |
| Vaxart | United States | Ad5 | Pre-clinical |
| National Biotechnology Center (CNB-CSIC) | Spain | MVA | Pre-clinical |
| University of Georgia/ University of Iowa | United States | Parainfluenza virus | Pre-clinical |
| Bharat Biotech/Thomas Jefferson University | India/United States | Rabies virus | Pre-clinical |
| National Research Centre | Egypt | Influenza A | Pre-clinical |
| National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)/ GPO | Thailand | Flu virus | Pre-clinical |
| KU Leuven | Belgium | YF17D | Pre-clinical |
| Cadila Healthcare Limited | India | Measles | Pre-clinical |
| FBRI SRC VB Vector/ Rospotrebnadzor | Russia | Measles | Pre-clinical |
| German center for infection Research/ CanVirex AG | Germany | Measles | Pre-clinical |
| Tonix Pharma/ Southern Research | United States | Horsepox | Pre-clinical |
| BiOCAD/ IEM | Russia | Influenza | Pre-clinical |
| FBRI SRC VB Vector/ Rospotrebnadzor | Russia | Influenza A | Pre-clinical |
| Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/ Instituto Buntantan | Brazil | Influenza | Pre-clinical |
| University of Hong Kong | China | Influenza | Pre-clinical |
| IAVI/ Merk | Italy/United States | VSV | Pre-clinical |
| University of Manitoba | Canada | VSV | Pre-clinical |
| University of Western Ontario | United States | VSV | Pre-clinical |
| Aurobindo Pharma | India | VSV | Pre-clinical |
| FBRI SRC VB Vector/ Rospotrebnadzor | Russia | VSV | Pre-clinical |
| Israel Institute for Biological Research/ Weizman Institute of Science | Israel | VSV | Pre-clinical |
| UW-Madison/FluGen/Bharat Biotech | United States | Influenza | Pre-clinical |
| Intravacc/Wageningen Bioveterinary Research/Utrecht University | The Netherlands | Newcastle disease virus | Pre-clinical |
| The Lancaster University | United Kingdom | Avian paramyxovirus | Pre-clinical |
| University of Manitoba | Canada | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| Bezmialem Vakif University | Turkey | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| Middle East Technical University | Turkey | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| VBI Vaccines Inc. | United States | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| IrsiCaixa AIDS Research/IRTA-CReSA/Barcelona Supercomputing Centre/Grifols | Spain | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| Mahidol University/The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO)/Siriraj Hospital | Thailand | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| Navarrabiomed, Oncoinmunology group | Spain | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| Saiba GmbH | Switzerland | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| Imophoron Ltd. and Bristol University’s Max Planck Centre | United Kingdom | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| Doherty Institute | Australia | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| OSIVAX | France | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| ARTES Biotechnology | Germany | VLP | Pre-clinical |
| University of Sao Paulo | Brazil | VLP | Pre-clinical |
*VLP—Virus-like particle; VSV—vesicular stomatitis virus.