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. 2020 Oct 15;21(20):7638. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207638

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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RLKs and MAPK cascades regulate embryo development. Membrane-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) regulates elongation of the zygote (A), asymmetric division of the zygote (B), and elongation of the suspensor (C) through the YDA-MKK4/5-MPK3/6 cascade. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK) ZYGOTIC ARREST 1 (ZAR1) is required to form a complex with SSP in controlling the asymmetric zygote division (B). The endosperm-secreted peptide EMBRYO-SURROUNDING FACTOR 1 (ESF1) regulates suspensor elongation together with SSP (C). A group of LRR-RLKs named SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES (SERKs) function upstream of YDA-MKK4/5 to control the division pattern of the ground tissue stem cells during early embryogenesis (D). The secreted peptide TWISTED SEED 1 (TWS1) is perceived by its receptor GASSHO1/2 (GSO1/2) to regulate embryonic cuticle formation through the YDA-MPK6 cascade (E). ? represents the unknown RLK, MAPK or transcription factor. P indicates the phosphorylation of WRKY2.