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. 2020 Oct 20;10(10):2070. doi: 10.3390/nano10102070

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Substrate topography determines the fate of chondrogenesis from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) resulting in specific cartilage phenotype formation. (A) SEM images showing the surface morphology of non-patterned and nano-patterned polycaprolactone (PCL) films with a chondroitin sulfate (CS) coating (scale bar: 1 µm). (B) Collagen I and II expressed by MSCs cultured on the different-patterned surface. The results were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and normalized to DNA at week 4 and week 6 of chondrogenic differentiation. * denotes p < 0.05, significant increase compared to non-patterned surface. (C) Real-time PCR analysis of mRNA expression levels of cartilaginous genes at weeks 2, 4, or 6 of chondrogenic differentiation normalized to their respective glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression and expressed as fold changes relative to undifferentiated MSCs. * denotes p < 0.05, significant increase compared to non-patterned surface. # denotes p < 0.05, significant different between nano-pillar and nano-hole surface at the same time point. Adapted from [3] with permission from Elsevier, 2014.