Table 1.
Study population characteristics
| Total study population | Zambia | South Africa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n/2020% | n | n/1099% | n | n/921% | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 1790 | 88.6% | 950 | 86.4% | 840 | 91.2% | ||
| Male | 230 | 11.4% | 149 | 13.6% | 81 | 8.8% | ||
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 128 | 6.3% | 76 | 6.9% | 52 | 5.6% | ||
| 25–29 | 344 | 17.0% | 165 | 15.0% | 179 | 19.4% | ||
| 30–34 | 521 | 25.8% | 272 | 24.7% | 249 | 27.0% | ||
| 35–39 | 567 | 28.1% | 310 | 28.2% | 257 | 27.9% | ||
| >40 | 459 | 22.7% | 275 | 25.0% | 184 | 20.0% | ||
| Missing | 1 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% | 0.0% | |||
| Study Triplet | ||||||||
| – | – | 258 | 23.5% | 529 | 57.4% | |||
| – | – | 278 | 25.3% | 292 | 31.7% | |||
| – | – | 291 | 26.5% | 100 | 10.9% | |||
| – | – | 272 | 24.7% | |||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 990 | 49.0% | 685 | 62.3% | 305 | 33.1% | ||
| Divorced/Separated | 246 | 12.2% | 214 | 19.5% | 32 | 3.5% | ||
| Widowed | 146 | 7.2% | 127 | 11.6% | 19 | 2.1% | ||
| Never married | 636 | 31.5% | 73 | 6.6% | 563 | 61.1% | ||
| Missing | 2 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.2% | ||
| Socio‐economic characteristics | ||||||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| 1 – Lowest | 536 | 26.5% | 295 | 26.8% | 241 | 26.2% | ||
| 2 | 426 | 21.1% | 173 | 15.7% | 253 | 27.5% | ||
| 3 | 422 | 20.9% | 219 | 19.9% | 203 | 22.0% | ||
| 4 | 408 | 20.2% | 249 | 22.7% | 159 | 17.3% | ||
| 5 – Highest | 223 | 11.0% | 163 | 14.8% | 60 | 6.5% | ||
| Missing | 5 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 5 | 0.5% | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| None/Primary | 558 | 27.6% | 468 | 42.6% | 90 | 9.8% | ||
| Lower Secondary | 527 | 26.1% | 354 | 32.2% | 173 | 18.8% | ||
| Upper Secondary/University | 919 | 45.5% | 273 | 24.8% | 646 | 70.1% | ||
| Missing | 16 | 0.8% | 4 | 0.4% | 12 | 1.3% | ||
| Currently working | ||||||||
| No | 1494 | 74.0% | 802 | 73.0% | 692 | 75.1% | ||
| Yes | 526 | 26.0% | 297 | 27.0% | 229 | 24.9% | ||
| Food security | ||||||||
| No | 1225 | 60.6% | 605 | 55.1% | 432 | 46.9% | ||
| Yes | 793 | 39.3% | 489 | 44.5% | 487 | 52.9% | ||
| Missing | 2 | 0.1% | 5 | 0.5% | 2 | 0.2% | ||
| Mobility characteristics | ||||||||
| Nights away from home† | ||||||||
| No | 1685 | 83.4% | 876 | 79.7% | 809 | 87.8% | ||
| Yes | 322 | 15.9% | 216 | 19.7% | 106 | 11.5% | ||
| Missing | 13 | 0.6% | 7 | 0.6% | 6 | 0.7% | ||
| Behavioural characteristics | ||||||||
| Alcohol Audit score | ||||||||
| Score 0–7 | 1771 | 87.7% | 967 | 88.0% | 804 | 87.3% | ||
| Score 8–15 | 155 | 7.7% | 85 | 7.7% | 70 | 7.6% | ||
| Score 16+ | 42 | 2.1% | 20 | 1.8% | 22 | 2.4% | ||
| Missing | 52 | 2.6% | 27 | 2.5% | 25 | 2.7% | ||
| Drug use (past 12 months) | ||||||||
| No | 1988 | 98.4% | 1076 | 97.9% | 912 | 99.0% | ||
| Yes | 22 | 1.1% | 16 | 1.5% | 6 | 0.7% | ||
| Missing | 10 | 0.5% | 7 | 0.6% | 3 | 0.3% | ||
| HIV‐specific characteristics | ||||||||
| Year of HIV diagnosis | ||||||||
| Before 2009 | 421 | 20.8% | 170 | 15.5% | 251 | 27.3% | ||
| 2007–2008 | 334 | 16.5% | 176 | 16.0% | 158 | 17.2% | ||
| 2009–2010 | 438 | 21.7% | 260 | 23.7% | 178 | 19.3% | ||
| 2011–2012 | 436 | 21.6% | 261 | 23.8% | 175 | 19.0% | ||
| 2013–2014 | 275 | 13.6% | 165 | 15.0% | 110 | 11.9% | ||
| Missing | 116 | 5.7% | 67 | 6.1% | 49 | 5.3% | ||
| First started ART | ||||||||
| 1996–2005 | 130 | 6.4% | 69 | 6.3% | 61 | 6.6% | ||
| 2006–2009 | 593 | 29.4% | 323 | 29.4% | 270 | 29.3% | ||
| 2010–2011 | 500 | 24.8% | 283 | 25.8% | 217 | 23.6% | ||
| 2012–2013 | 797 | 39.5% | 424 | 38.6% | 373 | 40.5% | ||
| Hiding pills | ||||||||
| No | 1445 | 71.5% | 645 | 58.7% | 800 | 86.9% | ||
| Yes | 566 | 28.0% | 447 | 40.7% | 119 | 12.9% | ||
| Missing | 9 | 0.4% | 7 | 0.6% | 2 | 0.2% | ||
| HIV status disclosure | ||||||||
| Disclosed to anyone | ||||||||
| No | 61 | 3.0% | 40 | 3.6% | 21 | 2.3% | ||
| Yes | 1959 | 97.0% | 1059 | 96.4% | 900 | 97.7% | ||
| Disclosed to friends | ||||||||
| No | 1711 | 84.7% | 980 | 89.2% | 731 | 79.4% | ||
| Yes | 309 | 15.3% | 119 | 10.8% | 190 | 20.6% | ||
| Disclosed to religious leader | ||||||||
| No | 1969 | 97.5% | 1064 | 96.8% | 905 | 98.3% | ||
| Yes | 51 | 2.5% | 35 | 3.2% | 16 | 1.7% | ||
| Disclosed to health care worker | ||||||||
| No | 1892 | 93.7% | 1020 | 92.8% | 872 | 94.7% | ||
| Yes | 128 | 6.3% | 79 | 7.2% | 49 | 5.3% | ||
| Disclosed to family | ||||||||
| No | 406 | 20.1% | 235 | 21.4% | 171 | 18.6% | ||
| Yes | 1614 | 79.9% | 864 | 78.6% | 750 | 81.4% | ||
| Disclosed to partner | ||||||||
| No | 1024 | 50.7% | 505 | 46.0% | 519 | 56.4% | ||
| Yes | 996 | 49.3% | 594 | 54.0% | 402 | 43.6% | ||
| Primary reason for starting ART | ||||||||
| Started for PMTCT | ||||||||
| No | 1760 | 87.1% | 958 | 87.2% | 802 | 87.1% | ||
| Yes | 260 | 12.9% | 141 | 12.8% | 119 | 12.9% | ||
| Recommend by health worker | ||||||||
| No | 1330 | 65.8% | 616 | 56.1% | 714 | 77.5% | ||
| Yes | 690 | 34.2% | 483 | 43.9% | 207 | 22.5% | ||
| Started to protect partner | ||||||||
| No | 1828 | 90.5% | 973 | 88.5% | 855 | 92.8% | ||
| Yes | 192 | 9.5% | 126 | 11.5% | 66 | 7.2% | ||
| Started for own health | ||||||||
| No | 938 | 46.4% | 473 | 43.0% | 465 | 50.5% | ||
| Yes | 1082 | 53.6% | 626 | 57.0% | 456 | 49.5% | ||
†
>1 in the past 3 months.