Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable logistic regression estimates of odds ratios for each stigma variable and ART adherence
| ART adherence | Unadjusted models | Adjusted models§ | Adjusted models¶ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N † | % | OR | 95% CI | Pw | aOR | 95% CI | Pw | aOR | 95% CI | Pw | |
| Total Study Population | N = 2020 | Analysis restricted to n = 1888‡ | |||||||||
| Experienced stigma in the community | |||||||||||
| No | 201/1468 | 13.7% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 110/519 | 21.2% | 1.68 | (1.29–2.19) | <0.001 | 1.65 | (1.25–2.18) | <0.001 | 1.63 | (1.21–2.19) | 0.001 |
| Experienced stigma in health settings | |||||||||||
| No | 290/1844 | 15.7% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 27/152 | 17.8% | 1.19 | (0.76–1.86) | 0.44 | 1.38 | (0.87–2.20) | 0.17 | 1.05 | (0.64–1.72) | 0.86 |
| Internalised Stigma | |||||||||||
| No | 228/1552 | 14.7% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 87/434 | 20.0% | 1.51 | (1.15–2.00) | 0.004 | 1.50 | (1.12–2.01) | 0.007 | 1.31 | (0.96–1.79) | 0.09 |
| Zambia | N = 1099 | Analysis restricted to n = 1034‡ | |||||||||
| Experienced stigma in the community | |||||||||||
| No | 106/764 | 13.9% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 75/317 | 23.7% | 1.89 | (1.35–2.65) | <0.001 | 1.98 | (1.38–2.83) | <0.001 | 2.03 | (1.40–2.94) | <0.001 |
| Experienced stigma in health settings | |||||||||||
| No | 174/1020 | 17.1% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 11/66 | 16.7% | 0.99 | (0.51–1.94) | 0.98 | 1.10 | (0.55–2.22) | 0.79 | 0.80 | (0.39–1.65) | 0.54 |
| Internalised Stigma | |||||||||||
| No | 125/819 | 15.3% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 58/257 | 22.6% | 1.62 | (1.13–2.31) | 0.008 | 1.67 | (1.15–2.44) | 0.007 | 1.44 | (0.97–2.14) | 0.07 |
| South Africa | N = 921 | Analysis restricted to n = 854‡ | |||||||||
| Experienced stigma in the community | |||||||||||
| No | 95/704 | 13.5% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 35/202 | 17.3% | 1.32 | (0.85–2.05) | 0.22 | 1.21 | (0.76–1.93) | 0.43 | 1.01 | (0.58–1.74) | 0.98 |
| Experienced stigma in health settings | |||||||||||
| No | 116/824 | 14.1% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 16/86 | 18.6% | 1.45 | (0.80–2.64) | 0.22 | 1.67 | (0.89–3.13) | 0.11 | 1.66 | (0.79–3.47) | 0.18 |
| Internalised Stigma | |||||||||||
| No | 103/733 | 14.1% | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 29/177 | 16.4% | 1.34 | (0.85–2.11) | 0.21 | 1.41 | (0.87–2.27) | 0.16 | 1.31 | (0.78–2.21) | 0.30 |
†
n = non‐adherent; N = total individuals reporting ever starting ART.
‡
Analysis restricted to respondents with complete data on community/triplet, gender, age, education, wealth, mobility, alcohol and all stigma variables.
§
Adjusted for community/triplet, gender, age, education, wealth, mobility, alcohol.
¶
Adjusted for community/triplet, gender, age, education, wealth, mobility, alcohol and experienced stigma (internalised stigma adjusted for community and health setting stigma; health setting stigma adjusted for community stigma; community stigma adjusted for health setting stigma.