Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios of obesity (BMI ≥25) among pregnant women (<20 weeks of pregnancy) and women in the postpartum period (2–6 months), India (NFHS 4, 2015–16).
| Characteristics | Pregnant women (n=11 125) | Postpartum women (n=13 232) |
|---|---|---|
| OR 95%CI | OR 95%CI | |
| Age, y | ||
| 20–24 | 1 [Ref.] | 1 [Ref.] |
| 25–29 | 1.91 a [1.573–2.318] | 1.44 a [1.211–1.717] |
| 30–34 | 3.67 a [2.83–4.754] | 2.71 a [2.166–3.403] |
| ≥35 | 6.22 a [4.447–8.689] | 4.13 a [3.009–5.656] |
| Age at marriage less than 18 y | 1.19 [0.964–1.479] | 1.00 [0.843–1.193] |
| Gestational age, wk | ||
| 0–4 | 1 [Ref.] | NA |
| 5–8 | 0.81 [0.588–1.112] | NA |
| 9–12 | 0.66 b [0.48–0.898] | NA |
| 13–16 | 0.65 b [0.479–0.889] | NA |
| 17–20 | 0.93 [0.685–1.25] | NA |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 1 [Ref.] | NA |
| 1 | 1.17 [0.956–1.441] | 1 [Ref.] |
| 2 | 1.00 [0.763–1.307] | 1.12 [0.932–1.341] |
| ≥3 | 1.08 [0.766–1.525] | 1.21 [0.961–1.533] |
| Highest educational level | ||
| No education | 1 [Ref.] | 1 [Ref.] |
| Primary | 1.11 [0.834–1.484] | 0.96 [0.719–1.291] |
| Secondary | 1.36 c [1.054–1.747] | 1.49 a [1.199–1.847] |
| Higher | 1.32 [0.971–1.803] | 1.90 a [1.439–2.517] |
| Place of residence | ||
| Rural | 1 [Ref.] | 1 [Ref.] |
| Urban | 1.43 a [1.183–1.72] | 1.14 [0.969–1.347] |
| Caste or tribe of the household | ||
| Scheduled caste | 1 [Ref.] | 1 [Ref.] |
| Scheduled tribe | 0.70 [0.476–1.038] | 0.64 b [0.471–0.865] |
| Other backward classes | 0.98 [0.782–1.218] | 1.19 [0.986–1.446] |
| Others | 1.17 [0.917–1.492] | 1.45 b [1.167–1.801] |
| Improved source of drinking water | 0.82 [0.653–1.028] | 0.91 [0.75–1.094] |
| Improved toilet facilities | 1.07 [0.881–1.305] | 0.84 [0.705–1.003] |
| Wealth index | ||
| Poorest | 1 [Ref.] | 1 [Ref.] |
| Poorer | 2.13 a [1.544–2.946] | 2.28 a [1.727–3.022] |
| Middle | 3.89 a [2.805–5.393] | 3.78 a [2.815–5.08] |
| Richer | 5.68 a [3.951–8.176] | 5.21 a [3.804–7.132] |
| Richest | 6.37 a [4.284–9.480] | 8.25 a [5.891–11.556] |
| Exclusive breastfeeding d | 0.90 [0.75–1.08] | |
| Dietary intake | ||
| Consume daily milk/curd and pulses/beans or egg/fish/meat and dark green leafy vegetables | 1.11 [0.912–1.34] | 1.04 [0.87–1.237] |
| Eats fried food weekly | 1.11 [0.942–1.301] | 1.02 [0.877–1.185] |
| Consumes aerated drinks weekly | 0.92 [0.754–1.119] | 0.97 [0.814–1.164] |
| Maternal health services | ||
| Consumed 100 mg iron–folic acid tablets | NA | 1.24 b [1.066–1.454] |
| Took drugs for intestinal worm | NA | 1.12 [0.935–1.345] |
| Received supplementary food from AWC | NA | 0.83 a [0.705–0.965] |
| Received health and nutrition education at AWC | NA | 0.9 6[0.815–1.141] |
| Constant | 0.03 a [0.02–0.055] | 0.03 a [0.021–0.047] |
| Pseudo R square | 0.1335 | 0.1455 |
Abbreviations: AWC, Anganwadi center; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters); NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference category.
a
P<0.001.
b
P<0.01.
c
P<0.05.
d
Postpartum women practicing exclusive breastfeeding (give only breast milk during the previous day).