Figure 2.

Mechanisms of PD neurodegeneration. Dysbiosis is a prominent feature of PD, which may be further influenced by diabetes and fat intake. The altered GM induces numerous alterations such as endotoxemia, reduced mucin thickness and SCFA levels. Endotoxemia disrupts BBB, increases α-synuclein deposition, stimulates microglial activation and neuroinflammation. At the same time, diabetes and fat/milk intake may exert independent effects such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.