Table 1.
Ingredients and composition of experimental diets 1 (% as-fed basis).
| Ingredients % | Phase 2 2 | Phase 3 3 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PC | NC | LD | HD | LDR | HDR | PC | NC | LD | HD | LDR | HDR | |
| Corn, yellow dent 4 | 48.49 | 73.77 | 73.71 | 73.67 | 74.23 | 74.2 | 56.8 | 87.1 | 86.95 | 86.89 | 87.57 | 87.52 |
| Fish meal, menhaden 4 | 5.44 | 5.3 | 5.27 | 5.27 | 5.31 | 5.3 | 2.06 | 2.49 | 2.49 | 2.48 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Soybean meal, 47.5% CP 4 | 35.13 | 3.17 | 3.16 | 3.16 | 3.18 | 3.18 | 38.22 | 4.97 | 4.97 | 4.97 | 5 | 5 |
| Whey, dried 4 | 5.44 | 6.32 | 6.32 | 6.31 | 6.36 | 6.36 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Corn starch 4 | 2.97 | 6.32 | 6.32 | 6.31 | 6.36 | 6.36 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dicalcium phosphate, 18.5% 4 | 0.7 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.98 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
| Limestone 4 | 0.5 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.62 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
| Vitamin premix 5 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| Trace mineral premix 6 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Lysine, sulfate 4 | - | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | - | 1.58 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 1.57 |
| DL-methionine 4 | - | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | - | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| L-threonine 4 | - | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | - | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| L-tryptophan 4 | - | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | - | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Salt 4 | 0.6 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 |
| Chromium oxide 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Grainzyme (phytase) 4 | - | - | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.12 | - | - | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| Calculated Chemical Composition 7 | ||||||||||||
| Dry matter, % | 90.4 | 90.7 | 90.7 | 90.7 | 90.65 | 90.65 | 89.66 | 89.54 | 89.54 | 89.54 | 89.48 | 89.48 |
| Crude protein, % | 24.87 | 13.41 | 13.41 | 13.41 | 13.5 | 13.49 | 24.26 | 12.85 | 12.84 | 12.83 | 12.91 | 12.91 |
| Crude fat, % | 3.52 | 3.54 | 3.54 | 3.53 | 3.56 | 3.56 | 3.57 | 3.79 | 3.79 | 3.79 | 3.82 | 3.82 |
| Calcium, % | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
| Phosphorus, % | 0.71 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.43 |
| aP, % | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
| Nitrogen, % | 3.98 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 2.16 | 2.16 | 3.88 | 2.05 | 2.05 | 2.05 | 2.06 | 2.06 |
| SID Lysine | 1.35 | 1.34 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
| SID Methionine | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
| SID Threonine | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 |
| SID Tryptophan | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
| Grainzyme, FTU/kg | - | - | 2000 | 4000 | 2000 | 4000 | - | - | 2000 | 4000 | 2000 | 4000 |
| ME, Mcal/kg | 3.45 | 3.4 | 3.39 | 3.39 | 3.39 | 3.42 | 3.34 | 3.34 | 3.34 | 3.34 | 3.36 | 3.36 |
| Analyzed Chemical Composition 8 | ||||||||||||
| Dry matter, % | 87.8 | 87.8 | 88.2 | 87.6 | 88.2 | 86.9 | 87.3 | 87 | 87.4 | 87.2 | 87.7 | 86.5 |
| Crude protein, % | 24.2 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 14 | 23.1 | 12 | 11.9 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 11.6 |
| Crude fat, % | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.1 |
| Chromium, % | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.2 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
| Calcium, % | 0.86 | 0.63 | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.6 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.59 |
| Phosphorus, % | 0.74 | 0.6 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.46 | 0.43 |
| Nitrogen, % | 3.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2 | 2.1 | 1.9 |
1 PC (positive control): normal protein, adequate Ca and available phosphorous (aP), no corn-expressed phytase (CEP) added; NC (negative control): low protein, adequate Ca and aP, no CEP added; LD: NC + CEP added at low dose, i.e., 2000 FTU/kg of diet; HD: NC + CEP added at high dose, i.e., 4000 FTU/kg of diet; LDR: LD with reduced calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P); HDR: HD with reduced Ca and P. 2 Fed for two weeks of nursery phase, from day 7 to 21 (from 28 days of age and 7–11 kg body weight). 3 Fed for three weeks of nursery phase, from day 21 to 42 (from 42 days of age and 11–25 kg body weight). 4 Corn, fish meal, soybean meal, whey, corn starch, dicalcium phosphate, limestone, and salt were obtained from Nutra Blend, LLC (Neosho, MO). DL-methionine (MetAMINO®) and lysine, sulfate (Biolys®) were obtained from Evonik (Kennesaw, GA). L-threonine and L-tryptophan were obtained from Ajinomoto (Overland Park, KS). Grainzyme was obtained from Agrivida (Woburn, MA). 5 Vitamin premix was purchased from Ralco Animal nutrition (Marshal, MN). Each kilogram of mix contained: Vitamin A, 22,044 IU; vitamin D, 3330 IU; vitamin E, 143 IU; vitamin K, 8.83 mg; vitamin B6, 2.75 mg; vitamin B12, 18.50 mg; niacin, 99.33 mg; pantothenic acid, 90.50 mg; riboflavin 19.86 mg, Thiamine 4.41 mg; Folic Acid 2.42 mg. 6 Trace mineral premix was purchased from Nutra Blend, LLC (Neosho, MO). Each bag (22.68 kg) of mix contained: Iron, 7.3%; zinc, 7.3%; manganese, 2.2%; copper, 1.1%; iodine, 198 ppm; selenium, 198 ppm. 7 Values were calculated using National Swine Nutrition Guide (NSNG; V 2.0). 8 Diets chemical composition was analyzed by ServiTech (Dodge city, KS).