Fig. 6.

Greater early neurological deficits, impaired recovery and cognitive deficits in males. A) Neurological deficit scores (NDS) were greater in males (red dotted line) the first days after stroke (p<0.0001) despite a similar initial injury on day 0. The decreasing rate of the score were significantly slower in males indicating impaired recovery compared to females (blue solid line) (P=0.015), R package for joint modelling of longitudinal NDS and time-to-event data. 0: females, 1: males, obstime = days post-stroke. B) Corner test to evaluate sensorimotor deficits show significantly greater right turn preference in aged males compared to females. *p<0.05, linear mixed model with robust estimate male stroke vs female stroke, n=8-12. C) Adhesive removal taste demonstrate longer elapsed time to removal in males and females 7d post-stroke compared to sham groups, Two-way ANOVA, effect of stroke, *p<0.05, sham: n=6, stroke: n=8-9. D) Motor strength evaluated with the hang-wire test demonstrate stroke-induced deficits in both sexes 3d and 7d after stroke, Two-way ANOVA, effect of stroke *p<0.05, **p<0.01, sham: n=6, stroke: n=9-10. E) Novel object recognition test at 14d demonstrated no discrimination for the new object over the old object. G) Barnes maze was used to evaluate cognitive deficits in a 21d chronic cohort. Time to find the escape hole and escape success rate (%) is graphed demonstrating a tendency towards longer time to escape in males, Log-rank (Mantel-Cox), P=0.27, n=9.