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. 2020 Oct 13;11:570296. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570296

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Copyright © 2020 Nakamura, Yokoi, Fukaya, Ohira, Shinozaki, Nishida, Kikuchi and Ayabe

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cryptdin expression and Paneth cell number in the small intestine and bactericidal activities of Paneth cell secretions of conventional and germ-free mice. Representative immunofluorescent staining images for Crp1 (green) and Crp4 (red) in the duodenum (A), the jejunum (B), and the ileum (C) of conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) mice staining together with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue). Scale bars indicate 20 μm. Number of Crp-positive Paneth cells in single crypt of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in CV and GF mice (D). n = 10 for each, mean ± SD, *p < 0.05. Percentage of bacterial killing of Paneth cell secretions in ex vivo bacterial infection assay in CV and GF mice. n = 3 each, mean ± SD, *p < 0.05 (E).