Table 3.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) main cohort studies
| Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics | LMICs cohort studies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ProGERO | ELSI-Brazil | SABE | MHAS | CHARLS | |
| Country | Brazil | Brazil | Brazil | Mexico | China |
| Total participants | 1336 (≥ 60 years) | 9412 (≥ 50 years) | 2143 (≥ 60 years) | 15,186 (≥ 50 years) | 17,708 (≥ 45 years) |
| Year of Baseline Assessment | 2017 | 2015–2016 | 2000 | 2001 | 2011–2012 |
| Age (years) | Mean (SD): 82.2 (7.58) | Mean (CI): 62.9 (62.1–63.8) | Mean (range): 68 (60–100) | Mean (SD): Men: 62.3 (9.59); Women: 62.3 (9.67) | Mean (SD): Men: 59.8 (0.24); Women: 59.6 (0.29) |
| Female, % | 70.2 | 54.0 | 58.6 | 53.3 | 49.4 |
| Marital status, % | |||||
| Widowed | 52.3 | 14.7 | 62.9 | Men: 10.8; Women: 27.5 | 20.6 |
| Married | 34.2 | 63.5 | 30.0 | Men: 78.8; Women: 55.4 | 77.2 |
| Single/ Divorced | 13.5 | 21.8 | 7.1 | Men: 10.4; Women: 17.1 | 2.2 |
| Hypertension, % | 80.8 | 63.2 | 53.3 | Men: 26.4; Women: 44.1 | 32.1 |
| Diabetes, % | 35.7 | 15.8 | 17.6 | Men: 12.5; Women: 16.7 | 7.2 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 19.6 | 11.7 | 19.5 | Men: 2.6; Women: 2.9 | 16.3 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, % | 19.9 | 5.3 | 8.2 | Men: 2.6; Women: 2.6 | 3.1 |
| Cancer, % | 14.0 | 5.3 | 4.6 | Men: 1.2; Women: 2.5 | 0.9 |
| Difficulty in at least 1 ADL, % | 58.9 | 23.2 | 22.1 | Men: 8.6; Women: 10.8 | 18.8 |
| Frailty, % | 31.4 | 9 | 8.5 | 24.9 | 7.0 |
LMICs low- and middle-income countries, ProGERO Prospective GERiatric Observational Study, ELSI-Brazil The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging, SABE The health, well-being and aging project, CHARLS The China Health and Longitudinal Study, MHAS The Mexican Health and Aging Study, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, ADL activities of daily living
ELSI: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging is a nationally representative study of 9412 people aged 50 years or older, residing in 70 municipalities across the 5 Brazilian regions. ELSI-Brazil allows investigations of the aging process, its health, psychosocial and economic determinants, and societal consequences. The baseline examination was conducted in 2015–2016 [3, 40, 39, 41]
SABE: The health, well-being and aging project was coordinated by the Pan American Health Organization and aimed to collect information about the living conditions of the elderly population (aged 60 and older) in urban metropolitan areas in seven Latin American countries, and to investigate cohort, socioeconomic and gender differences in relation to health status, as well as use and access to health care. In Table 3, we described data from 2143 participants of the city of São Paulo [43, 44]
CHARLS: The China Health and Longitudinal Study is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of the middle-aged and elderly population (45+) in China along with their spouses, which includes an assessment of the social, economic, and health circumstances of community-residents. The national baseline survey of CHARLS was conducted between June 2011 and March 2012 on 17,708 respondents. In Table 3, we described data from 5301 adults aged 60 years old or more who had complete data on frailty components [47, 48]
MHAS: The Mexican Health and Aging Study was designed to prospectively evaluate the impact of diseases on the health, function, and mortality of adults over the age of 50 in both urban and rural areas of Mexico. The MHAS 2001 baseline is a nationally and urban-rural representative survey of 15,186 individuals born in 1951 or earlier [50, 51]