Table 1.
Baseline characteristics after propensity score matching between the two groups.
| LPV/r-group (n = 1047) | Control (n = 1047) | p-Value | HCQ-group (n = 701) | Control (n = 701) | p-Value | LPV/r-group (n = 735) | HCQ-group (n = 735) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 45.95 (15.64) | 45.95 (15.64) | 1 | 48.73 (16.33) | 48.73 (16.33) | 1 | 50.72 (16.78) | 50.72 (16.78) | 1 |
| Age, groups | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 19–49 years | 565 (53.96%) | 565 (53.96%) | – | 315 (44.94%) | 315 (44.94%) | – | 301 (40.95%) | 301 (40.95%) | – |
| 50–64 years | 367 (35.05%) | 367 (35.05%) | – | 290 (41.37%) | 290 (41.37%) | – | 298 (40.54%) | 298 (40.54%) | – |
| ≥65 years | 115 (10.98%) | 115 (10.98%) | – | 96 (13.69%) | 96 (13.69%) | – | 136 (18.50%) | 136 (18.50%) | – |
| Male, no (%) | 404 (38.59%) | 404 (38.59%) | – | 246 (35.09%) | 246 (35.09%) | 1 | 246 (33.47%) | 246 (33.47%) | 1 |
| From diagnosis to admission, days | 0.09 (0.63) | 0.07 (0.57) | 0.4895 | 0.03 (0.27) | 0.02 (0.29) | 0.8497 | 0.14 (0.84) | 0.20 (0.26) | 0.0003 |
| CCI (SD) | 1.15 (1.47) | 1.07 (1.34) | 0.1925 | 1.35 (1.62) | 1.2 (1.49) | 0.0594 | 1.38 (1.63) | 1.39 (1.61) | 0.8341 |
| Comorbidities | 578 (49.15%) | 598 (50.85%) | 0.3784 | 412 (58.77%) | 406 (57.92%) | 0.7451 | 458 (62.31%) | 449 (61.09%) | 0.6292 |
| Diabetes | 159 (15.19%) | 139 (13.28%) | 0.2109 | 127 (18.12%) | 132 (18.83%) | 0.7308 | 126 (17.14%) | 139 (18.91%) | 0.3778 |
| Thyroid disease | 69 (6.59%) | 68 (6.49%) | 0.9296 | 75 (10.70%) | 76 (10.84%) | 0.9313 | 47 (6.39%) | 79 (10.75%) | 0.0029 |
| Cardiac disease | 62 (5.92%) | 75 (7.16%) | 0.2506 | 65 (9.27%) | 59 (8.42%) | 0.5725 | 61 (8.30%) | 68 (9.25%) | 0.5187 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 305 (29.13%) | 331 (31.61%) | 0.2166 | 185 (26.39%) | 176 (25.11%) | 0.5825 | 253 (34.42%) | 199 (27.07%) | 0.0023 |
| Renal disease | 20 (1.91%) | 22 (2.10%) | 0.7552 | 16 (2.28%) | 15 (2.14%) | 0.8559 | 28 (3.81%) | 16 (2.18%) | 0.0662 |
| Chronic liver disease | 134 (12.8%) | 107 (10.22%) | 0.0645 | 109 (15.55%) | 94 (13.41%) | 0.2549 | 96 (13.06%) | 118 (16.05%) | 0.1037 |
| Chronic neurologic disease | 97 (9.26%) | 81 (7.74%) | 0.2099 | 108 (15.41%) | 106 (15.12%) | 0.8819 | 88 (11.97%) | 130 (17.69%) | 0.0021 |
| Malignancy | 45 (4.30%) | 53 (5.06%) | 0.4078 | 40 (5.71%) | 38 (5.42%) | 0.8157 | 36 (4.90%) | 39 (5.31%) | 0.7221 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 29 (2.77%) | 28 (2.67%) | 0.8932 | 22 (3.14%) | 14 (2.00%) | 0.1768 | 2 (2.99%) | 22 (2.99%) | 1 |
| Anemia | 78 (7.45%) | 95 (9.07%) | 0.1772 | 69 (9.84%) | 60 (8.56%) | 0.4056 | 73 (9.93%) | 70 (9.52%) | 0.7917 |
| Hematologic disease | 18 (1.72%) | 12 (1.15%) | 0.2699 | 4 (0.57%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0.3741 | 19 (2.59%) | 7 (0.95%) | 0.0176 |
| Mental and behavioral disorder | 184 (17.57%) | 173 (16.52%) | 0.5227 | 147 (20.97%) | 163 (23.25%) | 0.3032 | 129 (17.55%) | 167 (22.72%) | 0.0135 |
| HIV | 1 (0.10%) | 1 (0.10%) | 1 | 1 (0.14%) | 1 (0.14%) | 1 | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.07%) | 1 |
| Disease severity | <0.0001 | 0.0025 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Mild | 911 (87.01%) | 1012 (96.66%) | – | 645 (92.01%) | 672 (95.86%) | – | 600 (81.63%) | 680 (92.52%) | – |
| Moderate, grade 1 | 136 (12.99%) | 35 (3.34%) | – | 56 (7.99%) | 29 (4.14%) | – | 135 (18.37%) | 55 (7.48%) | – |
| Pneumonia, no (%) | 602 (57.50%) | 129 (12.32%) | <0.0001 | 305 (43.51%) | 108 (15.41%) | <0.0001 | 501 (68.16%) | 313 (42.59%) | <0.0001 |
| Steroid use, no (%) | 33 (3.15%) | 13 (1.24%) | 0.0029 | 20 (2.85%) | 10 (1.43%) | 0.065 | 24 (3.27%) | 18 (2.45%) | 0.3476 |
| Azithromycin use, no (%) | 211 (20.15%) | 12 (1.15%) | <0.0001 | 222 (31.67%) | 10 (1.43%) | <0.0001 | 82 (11.16%) | 212 (28.84%) | <0.0001 |
| Oseltamivir use, no (%) | 5 (0.48%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.2181 | 2 (0.29%) | 1 (0.14%) | 1 | 5 (0.68%) | 2 (0.27%) | 0.452 |
LPV/r = lopinavir/ritonavir; HCQ = hydroxychloroquine; SD = standard deviation; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index.