FIGURE 2.

Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) being sensed by cytosolic DNAs sensors leads to the activation of distinct signaling pathways involved in recipient immune responses. These include activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, IRF7, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) initiating the transcriptional induction of type I interferon genes and other proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). DC, dendritic cell; NK, natural killer cell.