Table 3.
Crude and Adjusted Odds Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) of the Predictors for the Onset of Depressive Symptoms (Forward Method)
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | (1) | (1) | ||
| Female | 0.69* | 0.51–0.93 | 0.43* | 0.28–0.64 |
| Baseline SAS | 1.71*** | 1.36–2.15 | 1.48* | 1.12–1.94 |
| EPQ-N | 1.88*** | 1.53–2.31 | 1.40** | 1.09–1.79 |
| SES | 0.55*** | 0.44–0.68 | 0.67** | 0.52–0.86 |
| COM | 1.74*** | 1.43–2.12 | 1.35* | 1.07–1.71 |
| PS | 1.16 | 0.98–1.37 | ||
| DA | 1.48*** | 1.24–1.78 | ||
| PE | 1.05 | 0.89–1.25 | ||
| PC | 1.47*** | 1.23–1.76 | ||
| ORG | 0.86 | 0.72–1.02 | ||
| P-W | 0.68*** | 0.56–0.83 | ||
| P-D | 1.22* | 1.01–1.49 | ||
| P-C | 1.15 | 0.97–1.36 | ||
| P-F | 0.83 | 0.61–1.12 | ||
| Baseline ASLEC | 1.48*** | 1.23–1.79 | ||
| Baseline ESS | 1.36** | 1.11–1.65 | 1.28* | 1.02–1.60 |
| Sleep hour | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 | ||
| Strenuous exercise | 1.04 | 0.89–1.23 | ||
| Moderate exercise | 0.80* | 0.65–0.97 | 0.71* | 0.55–0.92 |
| Mild exercise | 1.06 | 0.90–1.25 | 1.25* | 1.01–1.55 |
Notes: Adjusted for parents’ education and occupation, parents’ marital status, family income, smoke history of smoking and drinking and interest on the major. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
Abbreviations: SAS, Zung’s Self-Report Anxiety Scale; EPQ-N, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Neuroticism; SES, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; COM, concern over mistake; PS, personal standard; DA, doubt about action; PE, parental expectation; PC, parental criticism; ORG, organization; P-W, parental warmth; P-D, parental disapproval; P-C, parental control; P-F, parental favoring; ASLEC, Adolescents Self-Rating Life Events Checklist; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.