Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Subjects Used to Evaluate the GALAD Model and Construct the GAAP Model
| Variables | HCC | CLD | Other Malignant Liver Tumor | HC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Cirrhosis | Hepatitis | ||||
| N | 242 | 283 | 187 | 96 | 50 | 50 |
| Age, year | 59 (54–65) | 52 (44–60) | 54 (48–62) | 47(34–55) | 60 (55–63) | 49 (40–55) |
| Sex, male, n(%) | 176 (72.7) | 167 (59.0%) | 111 (59.4) | 56 (58.3) | 32 (64.0) | 7 (14.0) |
| Etiology, n (%) | ||||||
| HBV | 135 (55.8) | 149 (52.7) | 102 (54.5) | 47 (49.0) | NA | 0 |
| HCV | 106 (43.8) | 133 (47.0) | 84 (44.9) | 49 (51.0) | NA | 0 |
| Alcohol | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5%) | N/A | NA | 0 |
| ALT, U/L | 42 (28–65) | 51 (27–116) | 39 (24–63) | 121 (61–209) | 55 (25–140) | 27 (20–30) |
| AST, U/L | 51 (34–76) | 54 (34–96) | 48 (31–85) | 69 (42–142) | 52 (28–124) | 25 (20–28) |
| Total Bilirubin, μmol/L | 21 (15–32) | 22 (14–36) | 24 (15–40) | 18 (14–28) | 22 (11–185) | 13 (11–16) |
| Albumin, g/L | 29 (34–38) | 34 (28–39) | 31 (27–37) | 38 (35–41) | 34 (31–39) | 45 (43–48) |
| AFP, ng/mL | 33.11 (7.17–492.9) |
4.8 (2.7–17.1) |
4.05 (2.43–14.0) |
6.73 (3.31–26.68) |
2.76 (2.06–4.27) |
2.67 (1.53–3.87) |
| PIVKA-II, mAU/Ml | 171.1 (33.8–1312.2) |
21.4 (15.7–29.7) |
18.4 (14.2–28.0) |
23.8 (18.6–32.2) |
37.4 (27.9–67.5) |
24.6 (20.3–27.5) |
| AFP-L3, n(%) | ||||||
| <10%, | 155 (64.0) | 273 (96.5) | 182 (97.3) | 91 (94.8) | 49 (98.0) | 50 (100) |
| [10–20) %, | 29 (12.0) | 6 (2.1) | 3 (1.6) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) |
| [20–100)%, | 58 (24.0) | 4 (1.4) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Tumor characteristics | ||||||
| Early HCC (within Milan criteria), n(%) | 86 (35.5) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Solitary, n(%) | 118(50.6), N=233 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Maximum tumor size<5cm, n(%) | 145(65.9), N=220 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Portal Vein Invasion, n(%) | 41(17.5), N=234 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Metastasis, n(%) | 10 (4.3), N=234 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Note: All continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CLD, chronic liver disease; HC, healthy controls; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NA, not available; N/A, not applicable.