Figure 3: Likelihood of a child being physically harmed or witnessing serious violence if the caregiver has higher (vs. lower) relative level of education (a) combined for both genders, unadjusted (b) stratified by gender, controlling for the caregiver’s age and whether there is a heavy or harmful drinker (HHD) in the household (vs. no HHD in the household).

OR = odds ratio; Weights of the contribution of country-level estimates to pooled estimates are represented by the relative area of the corresponding grey square; All ORs and confidence intervals are weighted; Ireland was excluded from the model because an equivalent variable for HHD in the household was not able to be derived.