Table 1.
Phytopharmaceuticals derived from the traditional herbs that targets entry receptor of the host cells to block the interaction and attachment of some pathogenic viruses, to be useful in COVID-19.
| Name of Phytochemical | Chemical nature | Biological source | Target receptor of Host-cell | Mode of action | Target virus or cells |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emodin (Ho et al., 2007) | 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone | Rheum palmatum L, Reynoutria japonica | ACE2 receptor | Block the interaction and binding of CoV S-protein with ACE2 receptor . | SARS-CoV-1 |
| Luteolin (Peng et al., 2017; Ojha et al., 2015) | Flavonoid | Reseda luteola, Salvia tomentosa, Aiphane saculeata, Pedilanthus tithymaloides | Furin | Prevent replication of DENV and HSV. | Furin proprotein convertase of Dengue virus |
| Nicotianamine (Takahashi et al., 2015) | Metal-chelating molecule like nicotainamine | Nicotiana tabacum L. and Glycine max (Soyabean) | ACE2 | Block SARS CoV spike protein mediated cell fusion. | Corona Virus 1 |
| Andrographalide (Basak et al., 1999) | Diterpene | Andrographalis paniculata | Furin proprotein convertage | Blocking of HIV replication | HIV |
| 5,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy flavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyrano side (De et al., 2015) | Flavonoid glucoside | Phrynium placentarium | Furin | Furin inhibition mediated blocking of virus attachment in host cell | HIV, Influenza, and Dengue virus infection |
| Polyphenolics (Zhu et al., 2013) | - | Various tea, fruits, grapes and traditional medicinal plants | Host cell Furin | Furin like proprotein convertase inhibitor | Inhibition of prostate cancer. *can be projected for COVID prevention |
| Bromhexine (Maggio and Corsini, 2020) |
2,4-dibromoaniline |
Justicia adhatoda | TMPRSS2 | TMPRSS2 inhibition in Prostate cancer & Influenza virus | Inhibition of prostate cancer & influenza. *can be projected for prevention of COVID |
| Baicalein, Chrysin, Oro-xylin-A and its glycosides (Lalou et al., 2013) | Flavonoids and their glycosides | Oroxylum indicum | Furin Proprotein Convertase | Furin inhibitor (Proprotein Convertase) |
Inhibit tumor cell proliferation |
| Celastrol (Shao et al., 2013) | Pentacyclic triterpene of quinone methides. | Tripterygium wilfordii, Celastrus regelii | Prostate cancer | TMPRSS2 inhibition followed by blocking of Androgen receptor | Inhibition of prostate cancer. *can be projected for COVID prevention |
| Plant Lectin (Keyaerts et al., 2007) | Glycoprotein | Allium sativum, Lycoris radiata | Host cell ACE2 | ACE2 binding of SARS-CoV-1 to inhibit virus entry into host cells. | SARS-CoV-1 |
| Ursolic acid (Chiang et al., 2005; Bag, 2012) | Pentacyclic triterpenoid | Ocimum sanctum, Malotus peltatus | CD4 receptor | Inhibit Protease, gp120-CD4 binding & entry; HSV replication; immunomodulatory against virus | HIV, Coxa- kivirus B1, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) |
| Acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid (Von et al., 2016; Goswami et al., 2018) | Pentacyclic terpenoid | Boswellia serrata | Specific host cell receptor for virus entry, | Able to block CHIKV entry to inhibit Chikungunya,Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and HSV infections | CHIKV, VSV may block interaction and attachment of SARS-COV-2 with host cell membrane. |
| Cepharanthine (Keyaerts et al., 2007) | Bisbenzyliso-quinoline | Stephania cephalantha or other species | Specific host cell receptor in connection to virus entry, not yet recruited | Protease inhibitor, Antiinflammatory, antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer. | Cancer. Might be used for novel Corona virus |
| Sylimarin (Dai et al., 2013; Song et al., 2011) | Flavonoids | Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) | Specific host cell receptor in connection to virus entry, not yet recruited. | Inhibit Viral RNA synthesis and Influenza virus replication |
Anti-Influenza and Anti-CHKV (Lani et al, 2015); and anti-Mayaro Virus activity (Camini et al, 2018) |
| Sylibinin (Farooqi et al. 2010) | Flavonoids | Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) | InhibitTMPRSS2 expression in prostate cancer | TMPRSS2 expression inhibition following the androgen receptor blocking | Prostate cancer *May be targeted for TMPRSS2 activation blocking during corona virus entry and infection. |
| Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (Kim et al., 2013) | Polyphenolic catechin | Camelia sinensis (Green tea) | Specific host cell receptor of virus entry, not yet recruited; Block Influenza virus fusion with host cell membrane and replication |
Inhibit the TMPRSS2 expression in prostate cancer, and block influenza virus attachment in host cell | May be targeted for TMPRSS2 activation during novel Corona virus entry and infection |
| Quercetin, hypericin, rutin, isoquercetin (Ling et al., 2020) | Flavonoids | Houttuynia cordata | 3Cl Mpro and RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor of SARS CoV-1 | Inhibit influenza virus entry and replication, and anti-SARS-COV-1 (Lau et al, 2008) | Influenza & SARS CoV *May be potential for SARS-COV-2 infection blocking |
| Glycyrrhizic Acid & its Derivatives | Triterpenoid saponin | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Host cell surface receptor not identified | Inhibit DENV proliferation (Baltina et al., 2019) and anti-SARS-CoV (Hoever et al., 2005) activity; and prevent infection by blocking viral replication | Dengue and SARS CoV *Might be focused to inhibit SARS-COV-2 |
| Caffeic acid & Caffeic acid phenethyl ester(Weng et al., 2019) | Hydroxy cinnamic acid. | Eucalyptus globulus, Dipsacus asperoides | Host cell surface receptor not identified | Block viral entry in host cell to prevent infection |
Human CoV NL63 *Might be focused to inhibit SARS COV-2 |
| Resveratrol and its semi synthetic derivatives (Li et al., 2006) | Stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin | Include the skin of Grapes, Blueberries, Raspberries, Mulberries, and Peanuts | Host cell surface receptor not identified | Inhibition of SARS Coronavirus Replication | SARS Coronavirus *Might be focused and applied to inhibit SARS-COV-2 |
| Paeoniflorin (Gan et al., 2014) | Terpene glycoside | Paeonia lactiflora, Salvinia molesta | Host cell surface receptor not identified | Anti-inflammatory by suppressing inflammatory cytokines,triggered by the ROS generated by viral particle . | *Might be focused and potentially used to inhibit SARS-COV-2 |
| Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol (Reiss, 2010) | Phytocannabinoid | Cannabis indica | Host cell surface receptor not identified | Block HSV entry and replication | HSV *Might be focused and applied potentially to inhibit SARS- COV-2 |
| Berberine (Botwina et al., 2020; Hung et al., 2019) | Benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloid | Berberis vulgaris | Inhibit viral replication and block entry of virus in host cell | Blocking of hepatitis C virus entry in host cell and hampers Influenza virus replication | *Hepatitis C virus Might be focused and applied to inhibit SARS-COV-2 |
| Taxifolin (Min et al., 2002) | Dihydroquercetin | Milk Thistle, Juglans mandshurica | Anti-human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Activity | Blocking HIV infection and killing of virus by diminishing the viral invasion | HIV *Might be focused to inhibit COV-2 |
| Sinigrin and Hesperidin (Lin et al., 2005) | Glucosinolate & Flavonoid | Sinigra alba, Brussels sprouts, Citrus fruit | Anti- SARS Corona virus | 3CLMpro inhibitor | SARS Corona virus *Might be focused and applied to inhibitCOV-2 |
| Allitridin (Kiesel and Stan, 2017) | Diallyl trisulfide organosulfur compound | Allium sativum | Chemopreventive activity against breast cancer | Furin convertase inhibitor | Breast cancer *Might be focused and potentially used to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 |
NA, Not available