Table 1.
Selected characteristics of the study samplea
| Mean ± SD (%) | Mean ± SD (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics (n = 3108)a | Child characteristics (n = 3,981) | ||
| Age (years) | 31.5 ± 6.7 | Age (months) | 29.7 ± 17.1 |
| Education attainment (years) | 5.7 ± 4.1 | Male child | 51.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 4.2 | Institutional delivery of child | 40.2 |
| Height (m) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | Mother's perceived size of the child at birth | |
| <145 | 6.3 | Do not remember | 3.9 |
| 145–149 | 24.0 | Smaller than normal | 12.0 |
| 150–159 | 61.9 | Normal | 60.1 |
| ≥160 | 7.8 | Larger than normal | 24.0 |
| Nutrition status | Household characteristics (n = 3108) | ||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 12.1 | Wealth index quintileb | |
| Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 60.6 | Poorest | 26.9 |
| Overweight (BMI ≥ 25) | 21.3 | Poorer | 22.5 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 6.0 | Middle | 18.3 |
| Occupation | Richer | 17.5 | |
| Skilled manual labourer | 5.2 | Richest | 14.9 |
| Farm labourer | 29.2 | Area (% urban) | 22.4 |
| Self‐employed | 9.1 | Use of improved water | 80.4 |
| Professional, sales and services | 20.9 | Open defecation | 13.1 |
| Not employed | 35.6 | Agroecological zonec | |
| Uplands | 18.4 | ||
| Delta | 38.3 | ||
| Coastal | 9.5 | ||
| Dry | 33.8 |
Note. BMI: body mass index.
a
The sample included 3,981 children under 5 years old, born by 3,108 mothers who lived in 3,108 households. Only mothers of sampled children were included in analysis (other caregivers excluded).
b
Wealth index quintiles were developed using principal components analysis summarizing housing variables (e.g., roof, walls, and floor) and asset variables (e.g., television, radio, and car).
c
Agroecological zone—Uplands: Chin, Kayin, Kayah, Kachin, and Shan; Delta: Ayeyarwaddy, Yangon, Bago, and Mon; Coastal: Rakhine and Tanintharyi; Dry: Magway, Mandalay, Naypyitaw, and Sagaing.