Table 3.
Associations between child, maternal and household factors, and stunting and wasting in children 0–59 months of age (n = 3,981)a
| Stuntedb RRR [95% CI] | Wastedc RRR [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | ||
| Age (months) | ||
| 0–5 (reference) | 1 | 1 |
| 6–11 | 2.34 [1.36, 4.01]** | 0.49 [0.28, 0.86]* |
| 12–23 | 4.29 [2.65, 6.95]*** | 0.81 [0.52, 1.25] |
| 24–35 | 10.34 [6.42, 16.65]*** | 0.61 [0.37, 1.01] |
| 36–47 | 7.43 [4.63, 11.93]*** | 0.49 [0.30, 0.81]* |
| 48–59 | 6.70 [4.14, 10.84]*** | 0.65 [0.39, 1.07] |
| Male child | 1.37 [1.16, 1.62]*** | 1.50 [1.13, 1.99]** |
| Mother's perceived size of the child at birth | ||
| Do not remember | 1.45 [0.96, 2.20] | 2.49 [1.40, 4.40]** |
| Smaller than normal | 2.08 [1.62, 2.69]*** | 1.31 [0.86, 2.00] |
| Larger than normal | 0.78 [0.63, 0.96]* | 0.54 [0.36, 0.80]** |
| Normal (reference) | 1 | 1 |
| Maternal characteristicsd | ||
| Age (years) | 1.00 [0.99, 1.02] | 1.02 [0.99, 1.04] |
| Maternal education (years attained) | 0.99 [0.97, 1.02] | 1.00 [0.96, 1.05] |
| Maternal height (cm) | ||
| <145 | 5.10 [3.15, 8.23]*** | 0.67 [0.30, 1.51] |
| 145–149 | 2.83 [1.87, 4.29]*** | 1.00 [0.58, 1.74] |
| 150–159 | 1.96 [1.32, 2.91]** | 0.87 [0.53, 1.44] |
| ≥160 (reference) | 1 | 1 |
| Nutrition status | ||
| Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25; reference) | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 1.23 [0.95, 1.58] | 1.64 [1.11, 2.42]* |
| Overweight (BMI ≥ 25) | 0.81 [0.65, 1.02] | 0.78 [0.52, 1.16] |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 0.58 [0.38, 0.88]* | 1.00 [0.54, 1.84] |
| Occupation | ||
| Skilled manual labourer | 1.47 [0.97, 2.24] | 0.38 [0.16, 0.95]* |
| Farm labourer | 1.35 [1.09, 1.67]* | 0.64 [0.44, 0.94]* |
| Self‐employed | 1.20 [0.89, 1.63] | 0.89 [0.52, 1.53] |
| Professional, sales, and services | 1.49 [1.16, 1.90]* | 0.83 [0.56, 1.22] |
| Not employed (reference) | 1 | 1 |
| No institutional delivery of child | 1.52 [1.24, 1.87]*** | 1.15 [0.81, 1.62] |
| Household characteristics | ||
| Wealth index quintile | ||
| Poorest | 1.79 [1.21, 2.65]** | 0.92 [0.49, 1.71] |
| Poorer | 1.55 [1.07, 2.26]* | 0.87 [0.49, 1.54] |
| Middle | 1.51 [1.04, 2.20]* | 1.13 [0.66, 1.95] |
| Richer | 1.21 [0.85, 1.74] | 0.71 [0.42, 1.21] |
| Richest (reference) | 1 | 1 |
| Urban area | 0.87 [0.67, 1.13] | 1.48 [0.98, 2.24] |
| Unimproved drinking water | 1.27 [1.02, 1.56]* | 1.15 [0.80, 1.66] |
| Practice of open defecation | 0.76 [0.58, 0.99]* | 1.91 [1.25, 2.92]** |
| Agroecological zone | ||
| Uplands | 1.38 [1.09, 1.75]** | 0.89 [0.57, 1.38] |
| Delta | 1.27 [1.03, 1.57]* | 1.12 [0.78, 1.59] |
| Coastal | 1.39 [1.02, 1.91]* | 1.65 [1.03, 2.64]* |
| Dry (reference) | 1 | 1 |
Note. Data were presented as relative risk ratio (RRR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Statistically differ from null value (RRR = 1) with the following:
*
P < 0.05.
**
P < 0.01.
***
P < 0.001.
a
Multinomial logistic regression with baseline comparison group as children with normal nutrition status (no stunting, wasting, or underweight). All estimations are adjusted for survey design and sampling.
b
Stunted defined as height‐for‐age z‐score (HAZ) < −2.
c
Wasting defined as weight‐for‐height z‐score (WHZ) < −2.
d
Only mothers of sampled children were included in analysis (other caregivers excluded).