Fig. 5.

Cardiovascular risk is reflected in urine by metabolic regulation under oxidative stress conditions in young adults. Purine metabolites precursors of uric acid (hypoxanthine and GUAD), intermediates in glutathione synthesis (2-hydroxybutyrate and serine), and molecules involved in counteracting oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, or cardiomyocytes apoptosis (guanidoacetate, GABA, GDF15, and ECP) are shown as the main molecular players reflecting cardiovascular risk in urine. Bold letter represents identified urinary metabolites and proteins showing altered levels associated with cardiovascular risk. Arrows represent higher (↑) or lower (↓) variation. ECP eosinophil cationic protein, GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid, GDF15 growth differentiation factor 15, GUAD guanine deaminase, NO nitric oxide