. 2020 Aug 3;57(12):1481–1491. doi: 10.1007/s00592-020-01573-x

Table 1.

Characteristics of the population without diabetes

Variables	All (n = 5312, 100%)		HbA1c > 5.7% (n = 1357, 25.5%)		IFG (n = 1775, 33.4%)		IGT (n = 842, 15.8%)		Prediabetes^a (n = 2658, 50%)		Normal^b (n = 2654, 50%)
Variables	n/mean	%/SD	n/mean	%/SD	n/mean	%/SD	n/mean	%/SD	n/mean	%/SD	n/mean	%/SD
KORA study
S4	1200	22.59	497	36.62	520	29.30	238	28.27	822	30.93	378	14.24
F4	2358	44.39	559	41.19	633	35.66	358	42.52	1023	38.49	1335	50.30
FF4	1754	33.02	301	22.18	622	35.04	246	29.22	813	30.59	941	35.46
Sex [male]	2543	47.87	640	47.16	1115	62.82	437	51.90	1453	54.67	1090	41.07
Marital status [living alone]	1310	24.66	369	27.19	424	23.89	207	24.58	680	25.58	630	23.74
Age	58.45	10.67	63.29	8.64	61.83	9.36	64.36	9.13	62.17	9.39	54.72	10.57
38–44 years	705	13.27	40	2.95	97	5.46	33	3.92	140	5.27	565	21.29
45–49 years	592	11.14	66	4.86	126	7.10	34	4.04	169	6.36	423	15.94
50–54 years	567	10.67	88	6.48	139	7.83	52	6.18	211	7.94	356	13.41
55–59 years	867	16.32	231	17.02	293	16.51	101	12.00	437	16.44	430	16.20
60–64 years	878	16.53	291	21.44	378	21.30	160	19.00	546	20.54	332	12.51
65–69 years	753	14.18	272	20.04	326	18.37	181	21.50	494	18.59	259	9.76
70–79 years	950	17.88	369	27.19	416	23.44	281	33.37	661	24.87	289	10.89
Educational status
Less than 9 years	520	9.79	200	14.74	178	10.03	127	15.08	326	12.26	194	7.31
9–12 years	3123	58.79	858	63.23	1110	62.54	506	60.10	1651	62.11	1472	55.46
More than 12 years	1659	31.23	297	21.89	485	27.32	207	24.58	675	25.40	984	37.08
Equivalent household income
Quintile 1 (high)	1004	18.90	234	17.24	355	20.00	149	17.70	489	18.40	515	19.40
Quintile 2	971	18.28	242	17.83	348	19.61	134	15.91	486	18.28	485	18.27
Quintile 3	1173	22.08	292	21.52	383	21.58	200	23.75	592	22.27	581	21.89
Quintile 4	981	18.47	263	19.38	323	18.20	163	19.36	492	18.51	489	18.43
Quintile 5 (low)	928	17.47	262	19.31	288	16.23	154	18.29	476	17.91	452	17.03
Employment status
Full-time	1790	33.70	306	22.55	553	31.15	155	18.41	734	27.61	1056	39.79
Regular part-time, marginal or irregular employed	1866	35.13	540	39.79	581	32.73	291	34.56	938	35.29	928	34.97
Not employed	1385	26.07	400	29.48	543	30.59	317	37.65	800	30.10	585	22.04
Health insurance [statutory]	4314	81.21	1160	85.48	1437	80.96	730	86.70	2211	83.18	2103	79.24
Residence [urban]	2233	42.04	625	46.06	791	44.56	350	41.57	1206	45.37	1027	38.70
BMI [≥ 30]	1308	24.62	455	33.53	629	35.44	352	41.81	882	33.18	426	16.05
Waist circumference [high (sex-specific)]	2358	44.39	771	56.82	1009	56.85	562	66.75	1469	55.27	889	33.50
Hypertension [yes]	2000	37.65	711	52.39	928	52.28	518	61.52	1346	50.64	654	24.64
Parental diabetes [yes]	1430	26.92	377	27.78	537	30.25	247	29.33	777	29.23	653	24.60
Physical activity [less than 1 h/week]	2326	43.79	678	49.96	847	47.72	427	50.71	1274	47.93	1052	39.64
Alcohol consumption [high consumption (sex-specific)]	1671	31.46	385	28.37	633	35.66	279	33.14	886	33.33	785	29.58
Smoking status
Current smoker	890	16.75	223	16.43	241	13.58	90	10.69	385	14.48	505	19.03
Ex-smoker	2131	40.12	521	38.39	804	45.30	355	42.16	1122	42.21	1009	38.02
Never smoker	2287	43.05	613	45.17	729	41.07	397	47.15	1150	43.27	1137	42.84

IFG impaired fasting glucose (100–125 mg/dL); IGT impaired glucose tolerance (140–199 mg/dL); SD standard deviation

^aHbA1c > 5.7% or IFG or IGT

^bNo HbA1c > 5.7%, IFG and IGT