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. 2020 Jul 28;57(12):1463–1472. doi: 10.1007/s00592-020-01571-z

Table 2.

Child heart rate, left ventricle mass, and diastolic function stratified for gestational diabetes status [data are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR)]

Variable All GDM-negative GDM-positive P value GDM + vs − 
All Diet Medicated
N = 201 N = 102 N = 96 N = 60 N = 36
Resting heart rate [bpm] 81.4 ± 8.9 83.0 ± 9.5 79.7 ± 8.0 78.5 ± 7.4 81.8 ± 8.7 0.009
Left ventricle mass Z-score 0.78 ± 0.68 0.76 ± 0.66 0.82 ± 0.70 0.82 ± 0.74 0.82 ± 0.63 0.52
Left atrial volume index (ml/m1.48 or ml/m1.08) a 28.47 ± 5.72 28.5 ± 5.82 28.27 ± 5.63 28.45 ± 5.13 27.98 ± 6.44 0.78
Left atrial volume index Z-score − 0.42 ± 1.09b − 0.39 ± 1.12 − 0.48 ± 1.06 − 0.48 ± 0.99 − 0.48 ± 1.19 0.55
E wave [cm/s] 95.5 ± 14.6 95.4 ± 14.8 95.6 ± 14.4 93.0 ± 13.5 99.8 ± 15.1 0.93
E wave Z-score − 0.89 ± 1.05b − 0.90 ± 1.07 − 0.88 ± 1.03 − 1.06 ± 0.97 − 0.58 ± 1.08 0.86
A wave [cm/s] 44.3 ± 11.7 45.1 ± 12.4 43.1 ± 11.0 40.9 ± 9.2 46.7 ± 12.7 0.24
A wave Z-score − 0.76 ± 1.19b − 0.7 ± 1.21 − 0.85 ± 1.18 − 1.02 ± 1.0 − 0.56 ± 1.39 0.38
E/A 2.16 (0.91) 2.11 (0.80) 2.24 (1.0) 2.30 (0.83) 2.02 (1.16) 0.35
E/A Z-score 0.20 ± 1.16 0.14 ± 1.18 0.30 ± 1.13 0.41 ± 0.97 0.23 ± 1.33 0.35
S/D 0.81 (0.23) 0.81 (0.23) 0.82 (0.21) 0.83 (0.24) 0.81 (0.17) 0.89
Ar—A duration difference [ms] − 21.6 ± 26.6 − 18.3 ± 25.8 − 24.9 ± 27.4 − 25.7 ± 28.2 − 23.6 ± 26.4 0.10
A rev [m/s] 24.5 ± 6.2 25.1 ± 6.4 23.9 ± 6.1 23.0 ± 4.9 25.3 ± 7.4 0.21
Lateral E/E′ 4.71 (1.40) 4.65 (1.31) 4.71 (1.61) 4.59 (1.40) 5.10 (1.78) 0.81
Lateral E/E′ Z-score − 1.05 (1.32)b − 1.05 (1.30) − 1.05 (1.44) − 1.23 (1.23) − 0.74 (1.60) 0.91
Septal E/E′ 6.68 ± 1.19 6.62 ± 1.21 6.75 ± 1.19 6.66 ± 1.10 6.89 ± 1.31 0.48
Septal E/E′ Z-score − 0.63 ± 0.93b − 0.68 ± 0.96 − 0.56 ± 0.93 − 0.62 ± 0.86 − 0.47 ± 1.03 0.4
Isovolumetric relaxation time TDI [ms] 45.9 ± 8.2 46.7 ± 8.2 45.2 ± 8.2 46.4 ± 8.6 43.3 ± 7.2 0.23
Circumferential early diastolic strain rate [1/s] 2.47 ± 0.47 2.48 ± 0.45 2.44 ± 0.47 2.45 ± 0.48 2.44 ± 0.45 0.56
Longitudinal early diastolic strain rate [1/s] 2.65 ± 0.39 2.67 ± 0.36 2.62 ± 0.42 2.62 ± 0.39 2.62 ± 0.46 0.40

E/A mitral inflow early-to-late diastolic flow ratio, S/D pulmonary venous systolic-to-diastolic flow ratio, Ar pulmonary venous atrial reversal peak velocity, A mitral inflow late diastolic peak velocity, E/E′ mitral inflow early peak velocity-to-early diastolic tissue velocity ratio, TDI tissue Doppler imaging

aBody surface area <  = 1 m2 exponentiated to 1.48; body surface area > 1 m2 exponentiated 1.08(18)

bP ≤ 0.0001 compared with the reference population

Significant results are bolded (P ≤ 0.05)