Table 2.
Variable | All | GDM-negative | GDM-positive | P value GDM + vs − | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Diet | Medicated | ||||
N = 201 | N = 102 | N = 96 | N = 60 | N = 36 | ||
Resting heart rate [bpm] | 81.4 ± 8.9 | 83.0 ± 9.5 | 79.7 ± 8.0 | 78.5 ± 7.4 | 81.8 ± 8.7 | 0.009 |
Left ventricle mass Z-score | 0.78 ± 0.68 | 0.76 ± 0.66 | 0.82 ± 0.70 | 0.82 ± 0.74 | 0.82 ± 0.63 | 0.52 |
Left atrial volume index (ml/m1.48 or ml/m1.08) a | 28.47 ± 5.72 | 28.5 ± 5.82 | 28.27 ± 5.63 | 28.45 ± 5.13 | 27.98 ± 6.44 | 0.78 |
Left atrial volume index Z-score | − 0.42 ± 1.09b | − 0.39 ± 1.12 | − 0.48 ± 1.06 | − 0.48 ± 0.99 | − 0.48 ± 1.19 | 0.55 |
E wave [cm/s] | 95.5 ± 14.6 | 95.4 ± 14.8 | 95.6 ± 14.4 | 93.0 ± 13.5 | 99.8 ± 15.1 | 0.93 |
E wave Z-score | − 0.89 ± 1.05b | − 0.90 ± 1.07 | − 0.88 ± 1.03 | − 1.06 ± 0.97 | − 0.58 ± 1.08 | 0.86 |
A wave [cm/s] | 44.3 ± 11.7 | 45.1 ± 12.4 | 43.1 ± 11.0 | 40.9 ± 9.2 | 46.7 ± 12.7 | 0.24 |
A wave Z-score | − 0.76 ± 1.19b | − 0.7 ± 1.21 | − 0.85 ± 1.18 | − 1.02 ± 1.0 | − 0.56 ± 1.39 | 0.38 |
E/A | 2.16 (0.91) | 2.11 (0.80) | 2.24 (1.0) | 2.30 (0.83) | 2.02 (1.16) | 0.35 |
E/A Z-score | 0.20 ± 1.16 | 0.14 ± 1.18 | 0.30 ± 1.13 | 0.41 ± 0.97 | 0.23 ± 1.33 | 0.35 |
S/D | 0.81 (0.23) | 0.81 (0.23) | 0.82 (0.21) | 0.83 (0.24) | 0.81 (0.17) | 0.89 |
Ar—A duration difference [ms] | − 21.6 ± 26.6 | − 18.3 ± 25.8 | − 24.9 ± 27.4 | − 25.7 ± 28.2 | − 23.6 ± 26.4 | 0.10 |
A rev [m/s] | 24.5 ± 6.2 | 25.1 ± 6.4 | 23.9 ± 6.1 | 23.0 ± 4.9 | 25.3 ± 7.4 | 0.21 |
Lateral E/E′ | 4.71 (1.40) | 4.65 (1.31) | 4.71 (1.61) | 4.59 (1.40) | 5.10 (1.78) | 0.81 |
Lateral E/E′ Z-score | − 1.05 (1.32)b | − 1.05 (1.30) | − 1.05 (1.44) | − 1.23 (1.23) | − 0.74 (1.60) | 0.91 |
Septal E/E′ | 6.68 ± 1.19 | 6.62 ± 1.21 | 6.75 ± 1.19 | 6.66 ± 1.10 | 6.89 ± 1.31 | 0.48 |
Septal E/E′ Z-score | − 0.63 ± 0.93b | − 0.68 ± 0.96 | − 0.56 ± 0.93 | − 0.62 ± 0.86 | − 0.47 ± 1.03 | 0.4 |
Isovolumetric relaxation time TDI [ms] | 45.9 ± 8.2 | 46.7 ± 8.2 | 45.2 ± 8.2 | 46.4 ± 8.6 | 43.3 ± 7.2 | 0.23 |
Circumferential early diastolic strain rate [1/s] | 2.47 ± 0.47 | 2.48 ± 0.45 | 2.44 ± 0.47 | 2.45 ± 0.48 | 2.44 ± 0.45 | 0.56 |
Longitudinal early diastolic strain rate [1/s] | 2.65 ± 0.39 | 2.67 ± 0.36 | 2.62 ± 0.42 | 2.62 ± 0.39 | 2.62 ± 0.46 | 0.40 |
E/A mitral inflow early-to-late diastolic flow ratio, S/D pulmonary venous systolic-to-diastolic flow ratio, Ar pulmonary venous atrial reversal peak velocity, A mitral inflow late diastolic peak velocity, E/E′ mitral inflow early peak velocity-to-early diastolic tissue velocity ratio, TDI tissue Doppler imaging
aBody surface area < = 1 m2 exponentiated to 1.48; body surface area > 1 m2 exponentiated 1.08(18)
bP ≤ 0.0001 compared with the reference population
Significant results are bolded (P ≤ 0.05)