Table 4.

Child left ventricle systolic function stratified for gestational diabetes status [data are presented as mean ± SD or as median (IQR)]

Variable	All	GDM-negative	GDM-positive			P value GDM + vs −
			All	Diet	Medicated
	N = 201	N = 102	N = 96	N = 60	N = 36
Fractional shortening [%]	35.7 ± 3.2	35.8 ± 3.2	35.4 ± 3.2	34.9 ± 3.2	36.3 ± 2.9	0.40
Ejection fraction [%]	63.6 ± 3.8	63.6 ± 3.4	63.5 ± 4.0	62.9 ± 4.0	64.4 ± 4.0	0.90
Lateral S′ [cm/s]	10.2 ± 1.9	10.2 ± 1.8	10.3 ± 1.9	10.2 ± 1.8	10.4 ± 1.8	0.66
Lateral S′ Z-score	0.20 ± 1.04	0.17 ± 1.01	0.22 ± 1.09	0.29 ± 1.01	0.11 ± 1.22	0.77
Septal S′ [cm/s]	7.7 ± 0.8	7.8 ± 0.8	7.7 ± 0.9	7.7 ± 1.0	7.6 ± 0.7	0.40
Septal S′ Z-score	− 0.53 (1.25)	− 0.53 (1.25)	− 0.53 (1.21)	− 0.52 (1.22)	− 1.0 (1.23)	0.36
Longitudinal peak systolic strain [%]	− 21.7 ± 2.1	− 21.9 ± 2.0	− 21.4 ± 2.2	− 21.1 ± 2.2	− 21.9 ± 2.2	0.13
Longitudinal peak systolic strain Z-score	0.72 ± 1.24a	0.85 ± 1.19	0.57 ± 1.28	0.41 ± 1.27	0.85 ± 1.26	0.13
Longitudinal systolic strain rate [1/s]	− 1.32 ± 0.21	− 1.33 ± 0.15	− 1.32 ± 0.15	− 1.30 ± 0.16	− 1.35 ± 0.14	0.73
Basal circumferential peak systolic strain [%]	− 22.5 ± 2.2	− 22.8 ± 2.2	− 22.1 ± 2.2	− 22.0 ± 2.2	− 22.2 ± 1.9	0.016
Basal circumferential peak systolic strain Z-score	1.35 ± 1.23a	1.53 ± 1.23	1.11 ± 1.16	1.07 ± 1.23	1.16 ± 1.07	0.015
Basal circumferential systolic strain rate [1/s]	− 1.42 ± 0.16	− 1.44 ± 0.17	− 1.39 ± 0.14	− 1.37 ± 0.13	− 1.41 ± 0.15	0.010

^aP ≤ 0.0001 compared with the reference population

Significant results are bolded (P ≤ 0.05)