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. 2020 Oct 27;10:18377. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75491-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SARS-CoV-2 testing rates influence the observed benefit of BCG vaccination policy. (a) Correlation graph of total COVID-19 spread rate and tests per thousand inhabitants. Inset value is Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). (b) Tests/1000 is shown for all three groups of BCG policies (never (red), past (green) and current (blue) BCG vaccination policy) comparing high and low testing rate. Data shown as median with interquartile range. Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc test performed. (c) CoV-2 spread rate is shown for all three groups of BCG policies (never (red), past (green) and current (blue) BCG vaccination policy) comparing high and low testing rate. Data shown as median with interquartile range. Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc test performed. (d) Multivariate regression analysis of CoV-2 spread rate shows the coefficients and p values for tests per 1000 inhabitants. (e) Univariate analysis of associations with BCG vaccination policy shows the coefficients and adjusted p values for cardiovascular disease (CVD) death rate, diabetes population density (pop. density), smoking rate, urban population (urban pop.), hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants, gross domestic product (GDP), age and tests per 1000 inhabitants. (f) Univariate analysis of associations with CoV-2 spread rate shows the coefficients and adjusted p values for cardiovascular disease (CVD) death rate, diabetes population density (pop. density), smoking rate, urban population (urban pop.), hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants, gross domestic product (GDP), age and tests per 1000 inhabitants. (g) Multivariate regression analysis of CoV-2 spread rate for variables significant in 2e and 2f.