Table 2.

Target accuracy of different non-invasive registration methods.

Registration method	Invasive or not	Target registration error/target point error	Application
Bone‑bed and the short process of malleus23	Minimal invasive	0.30–1.29 mm	Cochlear Implantation
Laser Surface Scanning32	Non-invasive	1.25 ± 0.64 mm	Neurosurgery
Headset33	Non-invasive	1.44 ± 0.24 mm	Lateral skull base surgery
Headband34	Non-invasive	1.46 ± 0.15 mm	Lateral skull base surgery
Granular jamming cap34	Non-invasive	0.56–1.40 mm	Skull base surgery
LED mask35	Non-invasive	0.92 ± 0.13 mm	Sinus and skull base surgery
Skin adhesive markers36	Non-invasive	2.49 ± 1.07 mm	Neurosurgery
Anatomical landmarks37	Non-invasive	0.93 ± 0.31 mm	Orthognathic surgery
Dental splint38	Non-invasive	0.55 ± 0.28 mm	Frontolateral skull base surgery
Template-assisted marker positioning39	Non-invasive	1.2 ± 0.12 mm	Temporal bone surgery
Our study	Non-invasive	0.671 ± 0.268 mm	Cochlear Implantation