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. 2020 Oct 27;10:18315. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75026-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of long-term chronic social isolation stress in Novel Local Recognition/Novel Object Recognition (NLR/NOR) and Barnes maze tests: (a) Recognition Index (RI) for NLR (b) RI for NOR (c) latency to first visit of the escape hole across the test phase of the Barnes maze test (d) reference memory errors across the test phase of the Barnes maze test (e) working memory errors across the test phase of the Barnes maze test (f) search strategies used for female and (g) male degus during the test phase of Barnes maze test: S: serial strategy; E: spatial strategy; R: random strategy. Control (CTL), Partial Isolation (PI), Chronic Isolation (CI), and Re-socialization (CI-R) treatment groups. Data were analysed statistically using two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD post hoc test. The statistical effect of stress treatment, sex, and the interaction between the two factors are indicated in the top of the figure. Each symbol corresponds to data from a single-sex stress treatment group, represented as the mean ± SEM (n = 13).