Table 4.
VST mobilization in response to acute exercise with or without adrenergic receptor blockade
| Pre-Ex | Post-Ex |
Time effect statistic (p value) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total VSTs | ||||
| /100,000 CD3+ | Placebo (n = 12) | 192 (182) | 288 (262)* | − 3.780 (0.009) |
| Bisoprolol (n = 12) | 208 (195) | 395 (401)* | − 3.991 (0.006) | |
| Nadolol (n = 12) | 180 (171) | 214 (172) | − 1.300 (0.660) | |
| /mL blood | Placebo (n = 12) | 2726 (2235) | 5764 (4463)* | − 6.319 (< 0.001) |
| Bisoprolol (n = 12) | 2966 (2621) | 8529 (8201)* | − 5.668 (< 0.001) | |
| Nadolol (n = 12) | 2245 (1739) | 4033 (3120)* | − 3.044 (0.033) | |
| VSTs to CMV | ||||
| /100,000 CD3+ | Placebo (n = 12) | 144 (161) | 237 (253)* | − 3.759 (0.009) |
| pp65 (n = 11) | 134 (169) | 210 (269)* | − 3.064 (0.036) | |
| IE1a (n = 12) | 9 (28) | 20 (89)* | − 2.934 (0.009) | |
| Bisoprolol (n = 12) | 145 (143) | 260 (243)* | − 3.509 (0.015) | |
| pp65 (n = 11) | 122 (148) | 215 (258)* | − 3.085 (0.036) | |
| IE1a (n = 12) | 16 (22) | 14 (51) | − 0.941 (0.999) | |
| Nadolol (n = 12) | 138 (152) | 160 (168) | − 1.270 (0.690) | |
| pp65 (n = 11) | 125 (160) | 143 (177) | − 1.341 (0.630) | |
| IE1a (n = 12) | 7 (45) | 16 (51) | − 1.334 (0.546) | |
| VSTs to EBV | ||||
| /100,000 CD3+ | Placeboa (n = 12) | 5.6 (6.9) | 9.9 (12) | − 2.197 (0.084) |
| LMP2a (n = 12) | 0.9 (4.6) | 2.0 (9.7) | − 1.260 (0.624) | |
| BMLF1a (n = 12) | 1.1 (3.0) | 2.8 (6.7) | − 2.118 (0.102) | |
| Bisoprolola (n = 12) | 2.2 (9.1) | 4.0 (15) | − 1.334 (0.546) | |
| LMP2a (n = 12) | 1.1 (4.3) | 1.6 (15) | − 1.376 (0.507) | |
| BMLF1a (n = 12) | 1.3 (5.6) | 1.5 (3.3) | − 0.178 (0.999) | |
| Nadolola (n = 12) | 3.6 (7.6) | 4.3 (7.2) | − 0.549 (0.999) | |
| LMP2a (n = 12) | 0.8 (3.7) | 2.5 (5.8) | − 1.632 (0.519) | |
| BMLF1a (n = 12) | 1.6 (2.4) | 1.2 (2.6) | − 0.471 (0.999) | |
| VSTs to AdV | ||||
| /100,000 CD3+ | Placebo (n = 12) | 41 (43) | 41 (34) | − 2.030 (0.201) |
| Hexon (n = 12) | 27 (31) | 31 (26) | − 2.449 (0.096) | |
| Pentona (n = 12) | 3.8 (29) | 4.5 (13) | − 1.255 (0.627) | |
| Bisoprolol (n = 12) | 52 (95) | 92 (189) | − 0.909 (0.999) | |
| Hexon (n = 12) | 32 (46) | 48 (19) | − 0.528 (0.999) | |
| Pentona (n = 12) | 3.8 (7.8) | 4.6 (12) | − 13,804 (0.213) | |
| Nadolol (n = 12) | 36 (34) | 46 (56) | − 0.834 (0.999) | |
| Hexon (n = 12) | 25 (42) | 35 (34) | − 0.495 (0.999) | |
| Pentona (n = 12) | 3.0 (17) | 6.9 (18) | − 0.533 (0.594) | |
The effects of an acute bout of exercise on the frequency (per 100,000 CD3+ T cells) and the total number (per mL of whole blood) of VSTs in healthy participants after ingesting a placebo, a β1 AR antagonist (bisoprolol, 10 mg), or a β1 + 2 AR antagonist (nadolol, 80 mg) 3 h prior to exercise. Blood was collected prior to medication ingestion and immediately following 30 min of steady-state cycling exercise. The number of VSTs specific for each individual viral peptide was determined by IFN-γ ELISPOT. The number of VSTs to CMV was determined by combining the number of VSTs to IE-1 and pp65, the number of EBV-specific T cells was determined by combining the number of VSTs to LMP2 and BMLF1, and the number of AdV-specific T cells was determined by combining the number of VSTs to hexon and penton. Total VSTs were calculated by combining the number of VSTs to CMV, EBV, and AdV. Data are expressed as mean (SD) for normally distributed data and median (IQR) when non-parametric tests were used for non-normal data. Bold values indicate a Bonferroni-corrected significant difference (p < 0.05) between pre- and post-exercise within a trial
VST virus-specific T cell, CMV cytomegalovirus, EBV Epstein–Barr virus, AdV adenovirus
aNon-parametric tests were performed and data are presented as median (IQR)
*Significantly different from pre-exercise (p < 0.05)