Table 5.
Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with viral peptides and growth cytokines increases VSTs
| Day 0 | Day 8 | t statistic (p value) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total VSTs (×103) | ||||
| Pre-Exercise | Placebo | 14.0 (12.9) | 208.3 (165.0)* | − 9.967 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 15.4 (14.0) | 276.2 (249.0)* | − 17.670 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 12.9 (12.1) | 240.2 (244.4)* | − 10.680 (< 0.001) | |
| Post-Exercise | Placebo | 17.9 (14.6) | 283.9 (211.8)* | − 9.431 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 24.1 (23.4) | 302.4 (267.0)* | − 12.205 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 14.6 (11.2) | 264.6 (251.6)* | − 10.172 (< 0.001) | |
| VSTs to CMV (×103) | ||||
| Pre-Exercise | Placebo | 10.5 (11.3) | 159.3 (139.8)* | − 8.135 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 10.8 (10.8) | 204.1 (205.9)* | − 17.149 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 9.8 (10.8) | 168.9 (199.3)* | − 9.541 (< 0.001) | |
| Post-Exercise | Placebo | 14.6 (14.1) | 220.2 (177.6)* | − 7.077 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 15.9 (14.2) | 236.6 (220.2)* | − 12.184 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 10.9 (10.9) | 182.3 (189.9)* | − 9.554 (< 0.001) | |
| VSTs to EBV (×103) | ||||
| Pre-Exercise | Placebo | 0.5 (0.5) | 10.2 (8.0)* | − 11.654 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 0.8 (1.6) | 13.0 (12.1)* | − 6.9541 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 0.5 (0.5) | 10.4 (8.3)* | − 7.351 (< 0.001) | |
| Post-Exercise | Placebo | 0.6 (0.6) | 9.5 (4.9)* | − 6.899 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 2.6 (6.3) | 10.4 (6.9)* | − 6.212 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 0.5 (0.6) | 10.2 (13.1)* | − 6.174 (< 0.001) | |
| VSTs to AdV (×103) | ||||
| Pre-Exercise | Placebo | 3.0 (3.2) | 38.8 (40.9)* | − 8.093 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 3.8 (6.6) | 59.1 (77.4)* | − 12.827 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 2.7 (2.5) | 60.9 (95.6)* | − 8.954 (< 0.001) | |
| Post-Exercise | Placebo | 2.6 (2.2) | 54.2 (59.9)* | − 8.411 (< 0.001) |
| n = 12 | Bisoprolol | 5.6 (11.2) | 55.4 (64.2)* | − 8.938 (< 0.001) |
| Nadolol | 3.2 (4.0) | 72.1 (114.3)* | − 7.588 (< 0.001) | |
Healthy participants performed a 30-min bout of cycling exercise after ingesting a placebo, a β1 AR antagonist (bisoprolol, 10 mg), or a β1 + 2 AR antagonist (nadolol, 80 mg) 3 h prior to exercise. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood obtained prior to medication ingestion (pre) and immediately after exercise (post). Ten million PBMCs from each condition were cultured with peptides spanning CMV, EBV, and AdV proteins and growth cytokines for 8 days, and the number of VSTs specific to CMV, EBV, and AdV stimulated at day 0 and generated at day 8 were quantified by IFN-γ ELISPOT. Data are expressed as mean (SD). Bonferroni-corrected p values comparing the number of VSTs stimulated at day 0 with the number generated at day 8 for each condition are presented. The total number of VSTs was determined by combining the number of VSTs to CMV, EBV, and AdV
VST virus-specific T cell, CMV cytomegalovirus, EBV Epstein–Barr virus, AdV adenovirus
*Significantly different from day 0 (p < 0.05)