Table 7.
The effects of exercise and β AR blockade on the proportions of lymphocyte subsets in expanded cell products
| Placebo | Bisoprolol | Nadolol | Main effects |
Interaction F (p value) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Exercise F (p value) |
Drug F (p value) |
||||||
| Total cells (×106) | Pre | 10.4 (5.4) | 12.7 (7.5) | 12.5 (8.3) | 1.030 (0.332) | 0.404 | 0.979 |
| n = 12 | Post | 12.1 (5.4) | 12.9 (8.1) | 12.8 (7.7) | (0.672) | (0.366) | |
| CD3+ cells (%) | Pre | 91.2 (5.0) | 91.4 (3.3) | 91.9 (4.5) | 35.893 | 1.219 | 2.101 |
| n = 12 | Post | 87.7 (6.7)* | 87.2 (7.1)* | 89.9 (4.7)* | (< 0.001) | (0.315) | (0.165) |
| CD4+ T cells (%) | Pre | 46.7 (15.9) | 48.1 (17.0) | 46.9 (19.3) | 7.666 (0.018) | 0.677 | 2.470 |
| n = 12 | Post | 41.0 (17.2)* | 42.3 (18.9)* | 41.0 (11.4) | (0.519) | (0.108) | |
| Naïve (%) | Pre | 26.1 (9.8) | 29.0 (16.3) | 26.6 (15.1) | 23.425 | 0.189 | 1.311 |
| n = 10 | Post | 23.4 (10.5) | 24.5 (14.7)* | 23.8 (13.9)* | (0.001) | (0.829) | (0.294) |
| CM (%) | Pre | 46.8 (9.9) | 46.1 (13.9) | 49.4 (12.4) | 12.819 | 0.887 | 0.373 |
| n = 10 | Post | 49.6 (13.7) | 50.5 (14.9)* | 52.6 (12.6)* | (0.006) | (0.429) | (0.694) |
| EM (%) | Pre | 23.4 (8.1) | 21.5 (10.9) | 21.2 (9.3) | 1.436 | 0.451 | 0.081 |
| n = 10 | Post | 22.4 (7.3) | 20.9 (8.7) | 20.9 (6.1) | (0.261) | (0.644) | (0.923) |
| EMRA (%) | Pre | 3.7 (3.2) | 3.4 (2.1) | 2.7 (1.4) | 0.784 | 0.429 | 0.859 |
| n = 10 | Post | 4.6 (5.4) | 4.1 (2.6) | 2.8 (1.5) | (0.399) | (0.657) | (0.440) |
| CD8+ T cells (%) | Pre | 41.0 (11.4) | 39.2 (12.8) | 42.4 (8.9) | 9.091 (0.012) | 0.287 | 1.416 |
| n = 12 | Post | 47.1 (16.3)* | 44.4 (18.3)* | 44.6 (12.7) | (0.753) | (0.264) | |
| Naïve (%) | Pre | 31.5 (19.8) | 38.5 (23.1) | 34.0 (24.4) | 8.787 | 0.369 | 3.429 |
| n = 10 | Post | 25.1 (19.6)* | 27.8 (19.5)* | 29.7 (22.6) | (0.016) | (0.697) | (0.087) |
| CM (%) | Pre | 34.3 (19.5) | 33.3 (22.1) | 34.3 (22.7) | 1.588 | 0.116 | 1.463 |
| n = 10 | Post | 35.1 (25.4) | 39.2 (21.6) | 36.2 (22.8) | (0.239) | (0.891) | (0.258) |
| EM (%) | Pre | 24.0 (10.8) | 21.9 (9.6) | 23.3 (10.3) | 1.005 | 0.430 | 0.049 |
| n = 10 | Post | 25.6 (14.6) | 23.0 (9.3) | 24.6 (11.6) | (0.342) | (0.569) | (0.952) |
| EMRA (%) | Pre | 10.2 (11.1) | 6.3 (3.4) | 8.4 (5.3) | 9.284 | 0.590 | 3.739 |
| n = 10 | Post | 14.2 (12.1) | 9.9 (5.3)* | 9.6 (6.9) | (0.014) | (0.564) | (0.073) |
| NK cells (%) | Pre | 2.9 (1.7) | 3.3 (2.0) | 2.9 (2.1) | 31.049 | 1.798 | 4.141 |
| n = 12 | Post | 6.4 (4.2)* | 6.6 (3.4)* | 4.7 (3.0)* | (< 0.001) | (0.189) | (0.054) |
Healthy participants completed a 30-min bout cycling exercise after ingesting a placebo, a β1 AR antagonist (bisoprolol, 10 mg), or a β1 + 2 AR antagonist (nadolol, 80 mg) 3 h prior to exercise. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from blood obtained prior to drug ingestion and immediately after exercise were grown in the presence of viral peptides and growth cytokines for 8 days and the lymphocyte subset proportions in the expanded cell populations were identified by flow cytometry. The main effects of exercise on the number of generated VSTs and the main effects of each drug condition were evaluated. The interaction between exercise and the drug conditions was analyzed to determine the mediating effects of β AR blockade on the effects of exercise. WBC = white blood cell; naïve = CD45RA+/CD62L+; CM = central memory, CD45RA−/CD62L+; EM = effector memory, CD45RA−/CD62L−; EMRA = CD45RA+ effector memory CD45RA+/CD62L−). Data are expressed as mean (SD)
*Significantly different (Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.05) from pre-exercise within a trial