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. 2020 Oct 14;11:577155. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.577155

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Copyright © 2020 Chang, Gao, Sun, Xiao, Li, Jiang, Zhu, Sun, Jin and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) device and bilateral electrodes implantation in rat anterior insula (AI). (A) Photograph of the DBS device comprising an implantable pulse generator (IPG) and two electrodes. (B) Schematic view illustrating the electrodes that are secured in the skull over AI and the subcutaneously implanted IPG. (C) A representative rat brain section stained with cresyl violet showing the successfully placed electrode in the AI. (D) Locations of implanted electrodes (colored dots) in the AI of rats included for further analysis (n = 56). Experiment 1: morphine-DBS-sham (red), n = 11; morphine-DBS (green), n = 13. Experiment 2: morphine-DBS-sham (orange), n = 9; morphine-DBS (blue), n = 11. Open field and novel object recognition tests: DBS-sham (black), n = 6; DBS (purple), n = 6. CPu, caudate putamen. The brain coronal sections are adapted from the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (27).