Table 1.
Characteristics of CQ studies.
| Study | Study Type | Country | Treated Disorder (n patients) | Trial Duration (weeks) | Dosage | Summary of Outcomes | Intervention (n of patients) | Age (mean or median) | Total n of AEs | Total n of serious AEs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Arnaout et al. (2019) | Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Window of Opportunity Trial | Canada | Breast Cancer (70) | 2–6 | 500 mg/day CQ or Placebo for 2–6 weeks | No significant effects | CQ: 46 | 57.4 ± 9.7 | 35 | 0 |
| Control: 24 | 55.7 ± 8.4 | 8 | 0 | |||||||
| Divala et al. (2018) | Open-Label, Randomized, Single-Centered, Three-Armed | United States/Malawi | Placental Malaria (900) | 20–28 of gestation to birth | Days 1-2: 600 mg Day 3: 300 mg≥ 4 weeks later (CQ-IPTt) or 600 mg at enrollment, then 300 mg/week until delivery (prophylaxis) | CQ IPTp was not better than SP-IPTp | CQ: 600 | 33.00 ± 12.11 | 5 | 0 |
| SP-IPTp: 300 | 33.95 ± 11.91 | 3 | 0 | |||||||
| *Terrabuio et al. (2019) | Double-Blinded, Interventional, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Single-Centered |
Brazil | Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) (61) | 156.4 | 250 mg/day for 36 months | CQ safely reduced relapse risk of AIH; no subgroup with greater benefit from CQ use | CQ: 31 | 37.7 ± 16.1 | 17 | 0 |
| Control: 30 | 39.1 ± 16.9 | 5 | 0 | |||||||
| Abreha et al. (2017) | Randomized | United States/Ethiopia | Vivax Malaria (398) | 6 | 25 mg/kg over 3 days | Primaquine (PQ) + CQ or Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) reduced vivax malaria recurrence 5 folds over 1 year | CQ: 206 | Median: 18 | 165 | 0 |
| AL or AL+PQ: 192 | CQ+PQ: 17 AL: 18 AL+PQ: 18 |
165 | 0 | |||||||
| Grigg et al. (2018) | Open-Label, Randomized, Two-Armed | Australia/Malaysia | Uncomplicated Plasmodium Knowlesi Malaria (123) | 6 | 25 mg/kg at enrollment, 6, 24, and 48 h | Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) was effective at treating knowlesi malaria | CQ: 58 | Median: 31 | 25 | 0 |
| AL: 65 | Median: 30 | 29 | 0 | |||||||
| Valecha et al. (2016) | Multicentric, Open-Label, Phase III Study | India | Acute, Uncomplicated Plasmodium Vivax Malaria (317) | ≥6 | CQ: 4 doses (total 10 tablets of 250 mg each) for 3 days | FDC of arterolane maleate (AM) and PQP cures vivax marlaria | CQ: 158 | 33.7 ± 13.45 | 135 | 0 |
| AM+PQP: 137 | 33.2 ± 11.81 | 127 | 4 | |||||||
| Siqueira et al. (2017) | Open-Label, Non-Inferiority, Randomized | Brazil | Vivax Malaria (380) | 6 | 25 mg/kg over 3 days | Artesunate-Amodiaquine (ASAQ) is more effective than CQ at preventing P. vivax infection | CQ: 189 | 34.7 ± 15.9 | 52 | 0 |
| ASAQ: 190 | 35.7 ± 16.4 | 68 | 5 | |||||||
| Peymani et al. (2016) | Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Pilot | Iran | Hepatitis C (10) | 8 | 150 mg/day for 8 weeks | CQ was potentially safe for HCV non-responders | CQ: 6 | 49 | 0 | 7 |
| Control: 13 | 50 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Grigg et al. (2016) | Open-Label, Randomized | Australia/Malaysia | Uncomplicated Plasmodium Knowlesi Malaria (252) | 6 | 25 mg/kg at enrollment, 6, 24, and 48 h after treatment | Artesunate-Mefloquine (AM) was highly effective at treating P. Knowlesi Malaria | CQ: 125 | Median: 32 | 316 | 0 |
| AM: 127 | Median: 33 | 302 | 2 | |||||||
| Chopra et al. (2014) | Assessor-Blinded, Parallel Efficacy, Randomized, Two-Armed | India | Musculoskeletal Pain and Arthritis Following Chikungunya virus infection (70) | 24 | 250 mg/day for 24 weeks | No significant improvement over meloxicam | CQ: 38 | 50.2 | 7 | 0 |
| Meloxicam: 32 | 45.4 | 5 | 0 | |||||||
| *Borges et al. (2013) | Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized | Brazil | Dengue (129) | 3 days | 1,000 mg/day for 3 days | CQ reduced pain; improved well-being of patients; but did not affect disease duration | CQ: 63 | 31.64 ± 11.74 | 2 | 0 |
| Control: 66 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| *Paton et al. (2011) | Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized | Singapore | Influenza (1,516) | 12 | Week 1: 500 mg/day Weeks 2–12: 500 mg/week | No significant effects | CQ: 757 | 23.6 | 341 | 3 |
| Control: 759 | 23.5 | 249 | 5 | |||||||
| Awab et al. (2010) | Open-Label, Perspective, Randomized | Afghanistan | Vivax Malaria (536) | 8 | 25 mg/kg for 3 days | CQ was effective for Vivax Malaria treatment | CQ: 268 | Mean: 11 | 15 | 0 |
| DP: 268 | Median: 12 | 2 | 0 | |||||||
| *Tricou et al. (2010) | Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized | Vietnam | Dengue (307) | 3 days | Days 1–2: 600 mg Day 3: 300 mg |
CQ did not reduce viraemia/NSI antigenaemia (AG) in dengue patients | CQ: 153 | 22 | 18 | 0 |
| Control: 154 | 22 | 6 | 0 | |||||||
| *De Lamballerie et al. (2008) | Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized | France | Chikungunya Infection (54) | 5 days | Days 1–3: 600 mg/day Days 4-5: 300 mg/day | No significant effect on acute Chikungunya infection | CQ: 27 | Range: 18-65 | 7 | 0 |
| Control: 27 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Villegas et al. (2007) | Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized | Thailand | Vivax Malaria in Pregnancy (1,000) | Weekly till delivery | 500 mg/week | CQ was safe and effective as a prophylaxis against P. Vivax during pregnancy | CQ: 500 | 26.1 ± 6.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Control: 500 | 25.4 ± 6.3 | 1 | 0 | |||||||
| Laufer et al. (2006) | Randomized | United States/Malawi | Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria (210) | 4 | Days 0–1: 10 mg/kg Day 2: 5 mg/kg |
CQ was effective in Malawi after 12 years | CQ: 80 | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine: 87 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Dunne et al. (2005) | Double-Blinded, Randomized | India | Plasmodium Vivax Malaria (199) | 4 | Days 1–2: 600 mg Day 3: 300 mg |
CQ was tolerated as well, but was more effective | CQ: 102 | 30.0 ± 11.8 | 33 | 2 |
| Azithromycin: 97 | 31.7 ± 11.6 | 20 | 0 | |||||||
| Mucenic et al. (2005) | Pilot Study | Brazil | Remission of Autoimmune Hepatitis (32) | ≥52 | 250 mg/day for ≥12 months | CQ group had lower relapse frequency | CQ: 14 | 27.29 ± 15.23 | 18 | 0 |
| Control: 18 | 26 ± 13.59 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Bezerra et al. (2005) | Double-Blinded, Randomized | Brazil | Lupus Erythematosus (33) | 26.1 | 250 mg/day for 6 months | Clofazimine (CFZ) equally as effective as CQ diphosphate (CDP) | CQ: 17 | 34.4 | 21 | 0 |
| CFZ: 16 | 34 | 21 | 0 | |||||||
| Llanos-Cuentas et al. (2001) | Open-Label, Randomized, Comparison | Peru | Acute Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria (29) | 4 | Day 1: 600 mg Days 2–3: 300 mg |
Atovaquone/Proguanil (A/P) much more effective than CQ | CQ: 14 | Range: 12–65 | 29 | 0 |
| A/P: 15 | 26 | 1 | ||||||||
| Hatz et al. (1998) | Comparative, Open, Parallel Group, Randomized, Single-Centered | Switzerland/Tanzania | Acute Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria (26) | 4 | Day 1: 10 mg/kg Days 2–4: 5 mg/kg |
CGP-56697 highly effective against P. Falciparum in this part of Tanzania | CQ: 130 | Median: 2 | 17 | 0 |
| CGP-56697: 130 | Median: 2 | 6 | 0 | |||||||
| Kofi Ekue et al. (1983) | Double-Blinded, Randomized | Zambia | Symptomatic Falciparum Malaria (99) | 6 | Day 1: 900 mg Days 2–3: 300 mg |
No significant differences between MQ and CQ | CQ: 49 | Range: 13-51 | 62 | 0 |
| MQ: 50 | 45 | 0 |