Table 1.
Comparison of COVID-19, EVD, and H1N1 outbreaks’ characteristics.
| H1N1 (2009) | EVD (2014–2016) | COVID (2019 – ongoing) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of outbreaks | Mid-April 2009 (CDC, 2009) – August 10, 2010 (WHO) | December 2013–June 2016 (CDC, 2019b) | December 2019 – ongoing |
| Reproduction Number R0 | 1.46–1.48 (Eisenberg, 2020) | 1.51–2.53 (Eisenberg, 2020) | 1.5–3.5 (Eisenberg, 2020) |
| Case fatality rate | 2–3% (Sarukhan, 2016) | 70% (Sarukhan, 2016) | <0.1% - >25% (WHO, 2020) |
| Total number of cases and total number of deaths | 60.8 million cases and 12,469 deaths (CDC, 2019a) | >28,600 cases and 11,325 deaths (CDC, 2019b) | 24,654,965 cases and 836,112 deaths (Worldmeter, 2020c) |
| Incubation period (days) | 1–4 (Siddiqui, 2020) | 2–21 (Sarukhan, 2016) | 2- 14 (Worldmeter, 2020a) |
| Number of affected countries | >214 countries (CDC, 2010) | 10 countries (CDC, 2019b) | 216 (WHO, 2020a) |
| General prevalence of mental disorders | Emotional distress: 6% (Lau et al., 2010) | Depression 12–75%, Anxiety 27.5–83.3%, PTSD 40% (Cénat et al., 2020) | Depression 17%,- 28%, Anxiety 21–32%, Insomnia 7–24% (Rossi et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2020) |