Table 2.

ACE-associated health conditions in adults associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACE)

Symptom or health condition	Odds ratio (excluding outliers)*
Cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease)	2.1
Tachycardia	≥1 ACE: 1.4
Stroke	2.0
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema, bronchitis)	3.1
Asthma	2.2
Diabetes	1.4
Obesity	2.1
Hepatitis or jaundice	2.4
Cancer, any	2.3
Arthritis, self-reported	3 ACEs, hazard ratio=1.5 ≥1 ACE, 1.3
Memory impairment (all causes, including dementias)	4.9
Kidney disease	1.7
Headaches	≥ 5 ACEs: 2.1
Chronic pain, any (using trauma z-score)	1.2
Chronic back pain (using trauma z-score)	1.3
Fibromyalgia	≥ 1 ACE: 1.8
Unexplained somatic symptoms, including somatic pain, headaches	2.0-2.7
Skeletal fracture	1.6-2.6
Physical disability requiring assistive equipment	1.8
Depression	4.7
Suicide attempts	37.5
Suicidal ideation	10.5
Sleep disturbance	1.6
Anxiety	3.7
Panic and anxiety	—
Post-traumatic stress disorder	4.5
Illicit drug use (any)	5.2
Injected drug, crack cocaine, or heroin use	10.2
Alcohol use	6.9
Cigarette or e-cigarette use	6.1
Cannabis use	11.0
Teen pregnancy	4.2
Sexually transmitted infections, lifetime	5.9
Violence, victimization (intimate partner violence, sexual assault)	7.5
Violence perpetration	8.1

^*Odds ratios compare outcomes in individuals with >4 ACEs with those with 0 ACEs, except where specified.