Table 1.

Maternal characteristics, obstetric and neonatal outcomes in women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy and those without diabetes

	Normoglycemia n=704 148	PGD n=3882	OR, PGD vs normoglycemia	T1DM n=1299	OR, T1DM vs normoglycemia	‘T2DM and other PGD’ n=2583	OR, ‘T2DM and other PGD’ vs normoglycemia	OR, T1DM vs ‘T2DM and other PGD’
Prevalence, %		0.52	–	0.17	–	0.35	–	–
Age (years)	31.3	33.1	†	32.2	†	33.6	†	†
Hypertension, %	0.5	4.9	8.3 (7.2 to 9.7)†	3.8	7.0 (5.2 to 9.3)†	5.5	9.0 (7.5 to 10.7)†	0.8 (0.6 to 1.1), p=0.216
Dyslipidemia, %	0.1	1.1	8.2 (6.0 to 11.2)†	1.0	7.8 (4.5 to 13.6)†	1.2	8.4 (5.8 to 12.1)†	1.1 (0.6 to 2.1), p=0.817
Smoking, %	5.5	5.8	1.1 (1.0 to 1.3), p=0.074	7.3	1.4 (1.1 to 1.7)†	5.0	1.0 (0.8 to 1.2), p=0.910	1.4 (1.1 to 1.9)*
Pre-eclampsia, %	1.4	6.0	4.4 (3.8 to 5.0)†	8.1	6.0 (4.9 to 7.4)†	5.0	3.6 (3.0 to 4.3)†	1.7 (1.3 to 2.3)†
Preterm birth, %	6.0	17.6	3.4 (3.1 to 3.7)†	21.9	4.4 (3.9 to 5.1)†	15.5	2.9 (2.6 to 3.2)†	1.5 (1.3 to 1.8)†
Early term birth, %	22.4	42.9	2.5 (2.4 to 2.7)†	56.0	4.3 (3.9 to 4.9)†	36.4	1.9 (1.7 to 2.1)†	2.3 (2.0 to 2.6)†
Full-term birth, %	54.3	34.4	0.5 (0.4 to 0.5)†	21.1	0.2 (0.2 to 0.3)†	41.4	0.6 (0.6 to 0.6)†	0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)†
Late and post term birth, %	17.3	5.0	0.3 (0.2 to 0.3)†	0.9	0.04 (0.02 to 0.07)†	7.1	0.4 (0.3 to 0.4)†	0.11 (0.06 to 0.20)†
Cesarean section, %	25.7	45.9	2.3 (2.1 to 2.4)†	55.7	3.6 (3.2 to 4.0)†	41	1.8 (1.7 to 1.9)†	1.9 (1.7 to 2.2)†
Macrosomia, %	6.1	14.6	2.7 (2.4 to 2.9)†	17.2	3.3 (2.8 to 3.8)†	13.1	2.4 (2.1 to 2.7)†	1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)*
LGA, %	13.1	35.6	3.7 (3.4 to 3.9)†	44.0	5.3 (4.8 to 5.9)†	31.4	3.0 (2.8 to 3.3)†	1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) †
SGA, %	9.0	5.6	0.6 (0.5 to 0.7)†	3.2	0.3 (0.2 to 0.5)†	6.8	0.7 (0.6 to 0.8)†	0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)†

OR and p value were adjusted for maternal age and smoking status.

*Adjusted p<0.05.

†Adjusted p<0.001.

LGA, large for gestational age; PGD, pre-existing diabetes; SGA, small for gestational age; T1DM, type 1 diabetes; T2DM and other PGD, type 2 diabetes and other pre-existing diabetes.