Table 1: Characteristics of Exercise Trials (Cycling or Walking) in HFpEF Patients.

Study	N (Intervention/Control)	EF/NYHA Class	Session Time/Frequency/Intensity/Duration	Major Exclusion Criteria	Training Modality	Control	Outcomes (Cardiac Structure/Function)	Outcomes (Exercise Capacity)
Kitzman et al. 2010[27]	26/27	≥50% II–III	1 h/ Three times a week/~70% of HR reserve/16 weeks	CAD, pulmonary disease, renal dysfunction (creatinine >2.5 mg/dl)	Walking/cycling	Attention control telephone call	E/A, DT, EF, LVEDV, LV mass	Peak VO2, 6MWD
Edelmann et al. 2011[43]	46/21	≥50% II–III	20–40 min/ Two to three times a week/~60% of peak VO2/24 weeks	Pulmonary disease, CAD, anaemia	Cycling + resistance training	Usual care (maintenance of usual activity level)	E/e’, e’, EF, LVEDV LV mass	Peak VO2, 6MWD
Smart et al. 2012[44]	16/14	>45% II–III	30 min/ Three times a week/ ~70% of peak VO2/ 16 weeks	CAD	Cycling	Usual care (maintenance of usual activity level)	E/A, DT, E/e’, e’, EF	Peak VO2
Alves et al. 2012[45]	20/11	>55% NR	30 min/ Three times a week/ ~75% of maximal HR/ 24 weeks	ACS, uncontrolled metabolic disease	Treadmill/ cycling	Usual care	E/A, EF	NR
Kitzman et al. 2013[29]	32/31	≥50% II–III	1 h/ Three times a week/ ~70% of HR reserve/ 16 weeks	CAD, pulmonary disease, anaemia	Walking/ cycling	Attention control telephone call	E/A, DT, EF, LVEDV	Peak VO2, 6MWD
Kitzman et al. 2016[46]	51/49	≥50% II–III	1 h/ Three times a week/ ~70% of HR reserve/ 20 weeks	As above	Walking	Attention control telephone call or caloric restriction	E/A, E/e’, e’, EF, LVEDV, LV mass	Peak VO2, 6MWD
Fu et al. 2016[47]	30/30	≥50% II–III	30 min/ Three times a week/ 80% of peak VO2/ 12 weeks	AF, recent (<4 weeks) ACS or coronary revascularisation, COPD, renal dysfunction (eGFR <30 ml/min)	Cycling	Usual care	E/e’, EF	NR

6MWD = 6-minute walk distance; ACS = acute coronary syndrome; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DT = E-wave deceleration time; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; E/A; the ratio of peak early to late diastolic mitral inflow velocities; E/e’ = the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow to annular velocities; e’ = early diastolic mitral annular velocity; EDV = end-diastolic volume; EF = ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved EF; HR = heart rate; LV = left ventricular; NR = not reported; NYHA = New York Heart Association; peak VO₂ = peak exercise oxygen uptake.