Table 2: Characteristics of Exercise Trials (Inspiratory Muscle Training) in HFpEF Patients.

Study	Intervention/Control (n)	EF/NYHA Class	Major Exclusion Criteria	Session Time/Frequency/Duration	Control	Outcomes (Cardiac Structure/Function)	Outcomes (Exercise Capacity)
Palau et al. 2014[35]	14/13	>50% ≥II	Recent (<3 months) ACS or cardiac surgery, pulmonary disease, smokers	20 min/ twice a day/ 12 weeks	Usual care	E/e’, e’, EF, LV mass	Peak VO2, 6MWD
TRAINING-HF Trial. 2019[36]	15/13	>50% ≥II	Recent (<3 months) ACS or cardiac surgery, COPD	20 min/ twice a day/ 24 weeks	Usual care	E/e’, LA volume	Peak VO2

6MWD = 6-minute walk distance; ACS = acute coronary syndrome; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; E/e’ = the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow to annular velocities; e’ = early diastolic mitral annular velocity; EF = ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved EF; LA = left atrial; LV = left ventricular; NYHA = New York Heart Association; peak VO₂ = peak exercise oxygen uptake.