Figure 5.

Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TRS)-treated DCs induce Th1 polarization in vivo. Dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated from C57BL/6 mice as described in the Materials and Methods. Immature-DCs (iDCs) were cultured with ovalbumin (OVA, 10 μg/ml) for 2 h and OVA-DCs were treated with media or TRS (200 nM) for 6 h, harvested, and then, DCs were subcutaneously injected into OT-II mice through the footpad. After seven days, the draining lymph node cells were isolated and cultured for three days in the presence with OVA (100 μg/ml). (A) The populations of IFN-γ-, IL-4-, and IL-17-expressing CD4⁺ T cells, as analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative figures are presented. Results from (A) are summarized in (B) as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (n = 6). (C) Protein levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 in the culture supernatant, as analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data shown represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments (n = 6). (B, C) *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ^##P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 compared with the group injected with OVA, media-treated DCs.