TABLE 1.

Patient Demographics (N = 213)

Characteristics	Patients
Male sex, No. (%)	188 (88)
Age, mean (SD), y	63 (14)
Age group, No. (%)
< 55 y	50 (23)
55 to 70 y	100 (47)
> 70 y	63 (30)
Body mass index, mean (SD)	32 (6)
Opioid naïve, No. (%)	153 (72)
Chronic opioid user, No. (%)	60 (28)
Rural, No. (%)	46 (22)
Types of surgery, No. (%)
Limb amputation	1 (0)
Other cardiothoracic surgery	3 (1)
Other orthopedic surgery	31 (15)
Revision total hip arthroplasty	5 (2)
Revision total knee arthroplasty	11 (5)
Revision total shoulder arthroplasty	2 (1)
Rotator cuff repair	33 (15)
Spine surgery	3 (1)
Thoracotomy	3 (1)
Total hip arthroplasty	31 (15)
Total knee arthroplasty	65 (31)
Total shoulder arthroplasty	24 (11)
Upper gastrointestinal surgery	1 (0)
Anxiety, No. (%)	53 (25)
Depression, No. (%)	77 (36)
Posttraumatic stress disorder, No. (%)	46 (22)
Other mental health diagnosis, No. (%)	18 (8)
Substance use disorders, No. (%)
Alcohol	24 (11)
Methamphetamines	6 (3)
Opioids	6 (3)
Tetrahydrocannabinol	9 (4)