Table 2.
Comparison of SU and SUDs at 5-year follow-up by screened ADHD status
| ADHD S− % (n/N)a | ADHD S+ % (n/N)a | χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | |||
| Drinking alcohol | 93.2 (4,109/4,410) | 94.3 (181/192) | 0.20 |
| Binge drinking | 37.2 (1,641/4,406) | 45.3 (87/192) | 4.76* |
| AUD | 8.2 (359/4,401) | 20.8 (40/192) | 35.69*** |
| Tobacco | |||
| Cigarette smoking | 39.7 (1,749/4,410) | 54.2 (104/192) | 15.50*** |
| Nicotine dependence | 9.5 (413/4,361) | 16.1 (31/192) | 8.57** |
| Cannabis | |||
| Cannabis use | 28.8 (1,268/4,406) | 46.4 (89/192) | 26.48*** |
| CUD | 7.8 (345/4,407) | 15.6 (30/192) | 13.91*** |
| Illicit drugs | |||
| Hallucinogens | 4.3 (190/4,404) | 10.4 (20/192) | 14.34*** |
| Meth-/amphetamines | 3.7 (163/4,405) | 10.4 (20/192) | 19.99*** |
| Ecstasy/MDMA | 7.3 (321/4,405) | 16.7 (32/192) | 21.53*** |
| Cocaine/crack/freebase | 5.8 (256/4,406) | 14.1 (27/192) | 20.29*** |
| Non-medical use of prescription drugs | |||
| ADHD medication | 1.7 (74/4,402) | 7.3 (14/192) | 28.15*** |
| Sedatives | 5.2 (231/4,402) | 14.1 (27/191) | 25.63*** |
Hallucinogens include psilocybin (“magic mushrooms”), LSD, and PCP; ADHD medication includes methylphenidate and amphetamine sulphate; sedatives include tranquilisers and hypnotics. Heroin was excluded due to small sample sizes. ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD S–, ADHD screened negative group (ASRS score <14); ADHD S+, ADHD screened positive group (ASRS score ≥14); ASRS, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; SU, substance use; SUD, substance use disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; CUD, cannabis use disorder.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001.
a
n/N = number of participants who use the substance/total number of participants of the corresponding subgroup.