Table 4.
Escalation of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use from baseline to 5-year follow-up
| Substance use | ADHD S− (mean ± SD) |
ADHD S+ (mean ± SD) |
F | d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baseline | 5-year follow-up | Δ5-year follow-up − baseline | baseline | 5-year follow-up | Δ 5-year follow-up − baseline | |||
| Standard drinks per week | 7.0±11.75 | 7.0±10.77 | 0.08±13.12 | 10.3±17.55 | 10.8±16.22 | 0.49±15.56 | 0.19 | 0.03 |
| Cigarettes per week | 20.0±41.96 | 18.3±40.90 | −1.63±32.14 | 37.3±60.86 | 29.2±55.29 | −8.10±38.16 | 4.89* | 0.17 |
| Days of cannabis use per year | 24.3±75.12 | 24.5±77.42 | 0.24±70.04 | 50.2±106.33 | 48.2±108.74 | −2.06±105.76 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
d = Cohen's d. ns differ slightly due to missing data (i.e., ADHD S–, n = 4,346 to 4,368; ADHD S+, n = 188–189). Language, CD, and SS were included as covariates. ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD S–, ADHD screened negative group (ASRS score <14); ADHD S+, ADHD screened positive group (ASRS score ≥14); ASRS, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; SD, standard deviation; CD, conduct disorder; SS, sensation seeking.
*
p < 0.05.