Table 2.

Algorithmically calculated spikes per minute and statistical Poisson analysis of 3 pre- and poststimulatory minutes for 5 gastrointestinal (GI) segments during conventional open and robotic porcine procedures

GI segment	ES parameter		Open approach	Robotic approach
	pulse width	frequency	cSpm (3 min)	p value	cSpm (3 min)	p value
Stomach	at baseline		5	−	2	−
	short	low	9	0.051	68	0.201
	long	low	10	0.038	11	0.565
	short	high	10	0.028	10	0.596
	long	high	10	0.033	7	0.698
Duodenum	at baseline		5	−	4	−
	short	low	8	0.355	16	0.009
	long	low	9	0.197	16	0.011
	short	high	8	0.256	21	0.002
	long	high	5	0.854	17	0.007
Jejunum	at baseline		1	−	2	−
	short	low	111	0.081	42	<0.001
	long	low	127	0.073	38	<0.001
	short	high	100	0.089	47	<0.001
	long	high	106	0.085	32	0.001
Ileum	at baseline		3	−	1	−
	short	low	10	0.076	158	0.012
	long	low	20	0.004	165	0.011
	short	high	18	0.007	211	0.008
	long	high	17	0.008	159	0.012
Colon	at baseline		6	−	1	−
	short	low	6	0.941	104	0.053
	long	low	4	0.241	110	0.052
	short	high	5	0.412	99	0.055
	long	high	6	0.653	98	0.055

During 5 acute experiments, we applied multiple hook-needle electrodes in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of pigs. Baseline and poststimulatory EMGs were recorded, and electrical stimulation (ES) was performed with 4 technical parameter sets with a short pulse (500 μs), long pulse (800–1,000 μs), low frequency (30 Hz), or high frequency (125–130 Hz). Calculated spikes per minute (cSpm) and Poisson p values for comparison of the 3 pre- and poststimulatory minutes were algorithmically determined (see Methods). Bold type indicates significant results (p < 0.05).