Table 3.

Comparison of prevalence rates of ACEs between parents of youth with chronic pain (N = 170) and the comparison sample (N = 3914).

ACE score/category	Parent sample		Comparison sample		Logistic regression results
	n	M or %	n	M or %	OR (95% CI)	aOR† (95% CI)
Total ACE score, of 10 (M, SD)	—	2.05 (2.34)	—	2.00 (2.11)	—	—
≥1 ACE	115	67.6	2732	69.8	0.85 (0.61–1.19)	0.85 (0.59–1.21)
Maltreatment categories
≥1 experience maltreatment	77	45.3	1660	42.4	1.09 (0.80–1.49)	1.15 (0.83–1.62)
Emotional abuse	42	24.7	1115	28.5	0.81 (0.57–1.15)	0.95 (0.65–1.38)
Physical abuse	11	6.5	279	7.1	0.89 (0.47–1.65)	1.05 (0.54–2.03)
Sexual abuse	45	26.5	794	20.3	1.38 (0.97–1.96)	1.30 (0.89–1.90)
Emotional neglect	28	16.5	566	14.5	1.14 (0.75–1.72)	1.45 (0.94–2.25)
Physical neglect	27	15.9	364	9.3	1.80 (1.18–2.75)**	2.14 (1.35–3.40)**
Household dysfunction categories
≥1 household dysfunction	98	57.6	2378	60.8	0.83 (0.61–1.14)	0.86 (0.61–1.21)
Problematic substance use in household	54	31.8	1192	30.5	1.03 (0.74–1.43)	1.10 (0.77–1.57)
Mental illness in household	61	35.9	1733	44.3	0.68 (0.49–0.93)*	0.71 (0.50–1.00)
Physical violence between parents	21	12.4	500	12.8	0.94 (0.59–1.49)	1.14 (0.71–1.84)
Household member in prison	6	3.5	196	5.0	0.68 (0.30–1.55)	0.89 (0.38–2.05)
Parents separated/divorced	54	31.8	959	24.5	1.40 (1.01–1.95)*	1.35 (0.94–1.94)

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

^†Adjusted for sociodemographic variables that were significantly different between samples: gender (female vs male), education (high school or less vs more than high school), marital status (single, separated/divorced, or widowed vs married or cohabitating), employment status (not working or retired vs working full- or part-time), and household income (≤$59,999 vs ≥$60,000), ns differ depending on the amount of missing data. Target group, parents of youth with chronic pain.

ACE, adverse childhood experience; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; M, mean; OR, odds ratio.