Table 3. Pooled Effect Sizes and Test Results of Heterogeneity and Publication Bias.
| Factor | Bullying | Number of students | Number of studies | Pooled (95% CI) | p value | Heterogeneity | Publication bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q statistics (p) | Asymmetry (LFK) | ||||||
| Age | Victimization | 666 | 6 | 0.09 (-0.11–0.28) | 0.386 | 33.2 (<0.001) | Minor (1.89) |
| Gender | Victimization | 3580 | 7 | 0.08 (−0.01–0.16) | 0.081 | 32.3 (<0.001) | None (0.08) |
| Perpetration | 2195 | 3 | 0.002 (−0.04–0.04) | 0.912 | 1.7 (0.422) | None (0.53) | |
| ASD symptoms | Victimization | 388 | 5 | 0.06 (−0.17–0.28) | 0.605 | 18.5 (0.001) | Minor (−1.56) |
| SCI | Victimization | 708 | 7 | 0.35 (0.22–0.47) | <0.001 | 10.0 (0.004) | Major (2.54) |
| RRB | Victimization | 188 | 3 | 0.11 (−0.29–0.48) | 0.203 | 15.5 (<0.001) | None (0.16) |
| Externalizing symptoms | Victimization | 2119 | 6 | 0.45 (0.18–0.65) | 0.001 | 162.4 (<0.001) | Major (4.48) |
| Perpetration | 1287 | 3 | 0.25 (0.07–0.41) | 0.007 | 8.0 (0.018) | Major (3.07) | |
| Internalizing Symptoms | Victimization | 1675 | 9 | 0.37 (0.22–0.51) | <0.001 | 55.0 (<0.001) | Major (4.83) |
| Perpetration | 1287 | 3 | 0.06 (−0.03–0.14) | 0.203 | 2.6 (0.275) | Minor (−1.17) | |
| Inclusive school setting | Victimization | 1408 | 6 | 0.34 (0.05–0.58) | 0.025 | 117.8 (<0.001) | Major (3.10) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; SCI, deficits in social interaction and communication; RRB, restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.